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  6班鲁姝婷 • 12-25

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  Kant believed that the real freedom refers to the free will of a person to act according to his own legislation, without being bound by natural laws in the sense of morality and money. Human rationality establishes the necessary laws of nature in terms of objects, but also limits their freedom as a result. In true currency, the same rationality of humans can be free from the constraints of natural laws, but act according to their consistent and universal laws of free will.

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

  Rituals play a crucial role in traditional Chinese law. Ritual is the spiritual core of law and is inseparable. Under the common goal of maintaining feudal autocratic rule, they each performed their respective functions and complemented each other. As a symbol of traditional Chinese culture, ritual has been deeply rooted in the spiritual world of Chinese people and has been widely recognized. Its status and function are even beyond the law, becoming the supreme existence.

  "Ritual" is actually a code of conduct generated by human interaction, or a social rule. Institutional economics believes that the system itself is voluntarily achieved and voluntarily observed through the interaction between people, and it is effective. Why? It's simple: an agreed result is a good result.

  3. Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The difference between maritime and continental countries is based on geographical and economic factors. The economies of maritime countries surrounded by the sea are often influenced by maritime activities such as trade, fishing, and navigation, while landlocked continental countries place greater emphasis on agriculture.

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture stimulated the thinking beyond the material world and promoted the development of metaphysics. This philosophical trend leads individuals to go beyond sensory experience and seek a higher truth. At the same time, religious beliefs in the Hellenistic tradition laid the foundation for monotheism, focusing on a single god and emphasizing the order and unity of the universe.

  5.Can we draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity (as suggested by Bertrand Russel on page 54)?  

  No，Russell's view that "Confucius is in line with inhumanity" is narrow and limited. This is a misunderstanding and an oversimplification of Confucian philosophy. Confucius did emphasize the importance of Li and social structure, but not at the expense of humanity or free will.

  First of all, we must understand the Confucian thought of Li. In the concept of Confucius, Li not only a kind of form, but also a kind of norms and guidance for human emotions and behaviors. He believes that through the cultivation of Li, people can better control their desires and emotions, and achieve inner peace and social harmony.

  Secondly, we should realize that Confucius' thought of Li or ritual is not to suppress people's emotions and desires, but to guide people to express and release their emotions correctly. In Confucius' thought, human emotions and desires are natural, but only through correct guidance and regulation can they be reasonably expressed and released in society.

  Finally, we should understand the relationship between Confucius' thoughts of Li and individual freedom and spirit. In Confucius' concept, individual freedom and spirit are not suppressed or ignored, but better realized through the cultivation of Li. He believes that only when people can properly control their emotions and desires can they truly realize their self-worth and free spirit.

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  13班江艺锦 • 12-25

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  Kant's concept of justice centers around the idea of treating individuals as ends in themselves and not merely as means to an end. In this context, justice is about respecting and upholding individual rights, including the right to freedom. This means that individuals should be able to exercise their freedom as long as it does not infringe on the equal freedom of others.

  2.Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"

  It is important to note that while traditional Chinese society placed great emphasis on ritual, contemporary China has experienced significant societal changes. While elements of ritual remain in certain aspects of Chinese culture, the economic and political structures have evolved to accommodate modern developments.

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The distinction between maritime countries and continental countries is primarily based on their geography, resources, and economic characteristics.

  4.Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  The rise of metaphysics and monotheism in Western culture cannot be solely attributed to the Hellenistic tradition. While the Hellenistic period did have an influence on Western philosophical and religious thought, it is necessary to consider multiple factors that contributed to the development of these concepts.

  Metaphysics, as a philosophical discipline, examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attributes, and cause and effect. The origins of metaphysical inquiry can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophers like Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Plato, who explored questions about the nature of existence and knowledge. However, it is worth noting that metaphysical inquiries were not limited to the Hellenistic tradition but also evolved independently in other cultures.

  Similarly, the concept of monotheism, the belief in one God, has roots in various religious and philosophical traditions across different cultures. In the context of Western culture, monotheism gained prominence primarily through the Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions emerged in different historical periods and regions, and their teachings and beliefs were influenced by a variety of cultural factors, including the Hellenistic period in some cases.

  It is important to recognize that cultural, historical, and socio-political contexts play significant roles in the evolution of philosophical and religious ideas. While the Hellenistic tradition contributed to the development of metaphysics and had some impact on monotheism, it is crucial to consider the broader historical and cultural landscape to fully understand the emergence and evolution of these concepts in Western culture.

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  21班张文玉 • 12-25

  No, it would be unfair to conclude that Confucius is in line with inhumanity based solely on the belief that Li or rituals conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit.

  Confucius' teachings emphasize the importance of cultivating virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and propriety, which are aimed at promoting harmonious relationships and social order. While these teachings may involve a degree of structure and organization, they are ultimately intended to guide individuals towards moral and ethical behavior, rather than suppress their humanity. It is important to consider the cultural and historical context in which Confucius lived and taught, as well as the complexities of his philosophy, before making such a judgment.

  Order is the basis for the formation of freedom, and at the same time, the concept of freedom must be included in the value system of order and harmonized with other values to promote the unity of the individual and society.

  Confucius emphasized rituals, but the core of the idea is benevolence. Confucius' idea of "rites" regulates people's behavior greatly and makes them conform to the moral code, which can effectively maintain the harmonization among people and the stability of the family and society. The "benevolence" and "propriety" advocated by Confucius are complementary. If only "rites" but not "benevolence" are emphasized, the country will not be stable and the people will not be truly free. On the other hand, if we only emphasize "benevolence" but not " ritual" in everything, people will no longer be subject to the constraints of morality, and in the long run, they will ignore the administration of the government increasingly, and the country will fall into a state of anarchy eventually.

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  何永鑫 • 12-25

  No, it would not be accurate to conclude that Confucius is in line with inhumanity based on the belief that Li or rituals conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit. Confucius' teachings emphasize the importance of cultivating virtue, compassion, and ethical behavior in interpersonal relationships. While Li and rituals do provide structure and organization, they are intended to promote harmony and social order rather than suppress human emotions and free spirit. Confucius' teachings are ultimately focused on promoting a harmonious and ethical society, rather than promoting inhumanity.

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  孟婧婷 • 12-25

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  Kant's concept of justice centers around the idea of treating individuals as ends in themselves and not merely as means to an end. In this context, justice is about respecting and upholding individual rights, including the right to freedom. This means that individuals should be able to exercise their freedom as long as it does not infringe on the equal freedom of others.

  2.Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"

  It is important to note that while traditional Chinese society placed great emphasis on ritual, contemporary China has experienced significant societal changes. While elements of ritual remain in certain aspects of Chinese culture, the economic and political structures have evolved to accommodate modern developments.

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The distinction between maritime countries and continental countries is primarily based on their geography, resources, and economic characteristics.

  4.Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  The rise of metaphysics and monotheism in Western culture cannot be solely attributed to the Hellenistic tradition. While the Hellenistic period did have an influence on Western philosophical and religious thought, it is necessary to consider multiple factors that contributed to the development of these concepts.

  Metaphysics, as a philosophical discipline, examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attributes, and cause and effect. The origins of metaphysical inquiry can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophers like Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Plato, who explored questions about the nature of existence and knowledge. However, it is worth noting that metaphysical inquiries were not limited to the Hellenistic tradition but also evolved independently in other cultures.

  Similarly, the concept of monotheism, the belief in one God, has roots in various religious and philosophical traditions across different cultures. In the context of Western culture, monotheism gained prominence primarily through the Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions emerged in different historical periods and regions, and their teachings and beliefs were influenced by a variety of cultural factors, including the Hellenistic period in some cases.

  It is important to recognize that cultural, historical, and socio-political contexts play significant roles in the evolution of philosophical and religious ideas. While the Hellenistic tradition contributed to the development of metaphysics and had some impact on monotheism, it is crucial to consider the broader historical and cultural landscape to fully understand the emergence and evolution of these concepts in Western culture.

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  漫心.蓝点 • 12-25

  Freedom" in Kant's justice philosophy refers to the state where individuals exercise their rights and pursue goals without external interference. Kant argues that freedom is an inherent right of humanity, but it should be constrained by moral principles to ensure harmony between individual and collective freedoms.

   

   

   

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

   

  In traditional Chinese society, "Ritual" is not just a ceremony but a moral guideline sustaining social order. By regulating behavior, "Ritual" encourages individuals to prioritize societal interests, contributing to social harmony. Its role in the economic and political structure lies in establishing a set of relatively fixed social norms and moral standards, aiding in stabilizing governance and societal relations.

   

   

   

   3. Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

   

  The distinction between maritime and continental countries is based on geographical and economic factors. Maritime countries, surrounded by seas, often have economies influenced by maritime activities like trade, fishing, and navigation, while continental countries, located inland, focus more on agriculture.

   

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

   

  The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture spurred contemplation beyond the material world, fostering the development of metaphysics. This philosophical trend guided individuals beyond sensory experiences to seek higher truths. Simultaneously, the religious beliefs in the Hellenistic tradition laid the foundation for monotheism, concentrating faith in a single deity and emphasizing the universe's order and unity.

   

   

   

  No, it would be an oversimplification and a misinterpretation to conclude that Confucius is in line with inhumanity solely based on the criticism of Li or rituals. Confucianism, as propagated by Confucius, is a comprehensive philosophical and ethical system that goes beyond rituals. While rituals play a role in structuring social and personal behaviors, the core of Confucianism emphasizes ethical virtues, moral cultivation, and the development of benevolence (ren) and righteousness (yi).Bertrand Russell's suggestion of inhumanity might stem from a limited view of Confucianism or a specific interpretation of rituals. Confucius advocated for the harmonious coexistence of individuals within a society, emphasizing empathy, compassion, and the well-being of others. His teachings aimed at creating a moral and just society, and not at suppressing human emotional instincts or free spirit.In essence, Confucianism encourages a balanced approach that incorporates both ethical principles and humanistic values, aiming for a harmonious and virtuous society.

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  吴俊霖 • 12-25

  1. In Kant's view, "freedom" refers to the ability of rational beings to act according to principles that they have chosen for themselves. It is the capacity to make autonomous decisions guided by reason and moral principles.

   

  2. In traditional Chinese society, the economic and political structure required "li" or "ritual propriety" because it provided a framework for social order and stability. Li encompassed a set of rules, customs, and behaviors that guided individuals' interactions and relationships. By following these rituals, people could maintain harmonious relationships and fulfill their roles and responsibilities within society.

   

  3. Maritime countries refer to nations that have a significant presence and reliance on maritime activities such as trade, fishing, and naval power projection. They typically have extensive coastlines, access to sea routes, and a strong maritime culture. Continental countries, on the other hand, are primarily located on large landmasses and often have a focus on agriculture, territorial defense, and internal development. The main difference between the two lies in their geographical characteristics and the extent to which they engage in maritime activities.

   

  4. The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture gave birth to metaphysics and monotheism due to a variety of factors. Metaphysics, which explores the fundamental nature of reality, emerged as philosophers like Plato and Aristotle questioned the nature of existence and sought to understand the ultimate truths of the universe. Monotheism, the belief in a single supreme deity, arose in cultures influenced by Judaism, Christianity, and later Islam. These religious traditions offered different views on the nature of the divine and influenced the development of Western metaphysical thought.

   

  Some people believe Li or rituals are about organizing and structuring social and personal behaviors, and thus seem to conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit. Then, can we draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity (as suggested by Bertrand Russel on page 54)?  

   

  No, it would not be accurate to conclude that Confucius or the concept of Li is in line with inhumanity based on the belief that rituals and structure may conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit. Confucius emphasized the importance of living ethically and cultivating virtue, including benevolence, righteousness, and filial piety, among others. While rituals and social norms were part of Confucian teachings, they were intended to promote harmony, social order, and moral conduct within society. Confucius believed that by practicing these values and adhering to rituals, individuals could develop and nurture their humanity. It is important to understand the cultural and historical context in which Confucius lived and the intended purpose of his teachings.

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  7班罗思 • 12-26

  

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  胡榆妍 • 12-26

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  Kant's idea of justice is based on the concept of freedom, which he defines as the ability to act according to one's own will, without external coercion or interference. In this sense, freedom is the foundation of justice, as it allows individuals to make their own choices and be responsible for their actions.

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

  Social Order and Stability: Rituals provided a framework for maintaining social order and harmony within the community. 

  Legitimizing Authority: Rituals were used to legitimize the authority of rulers and government officials.

  Moral and Ethical Guidance: Rituals were deeply intertwined with Confucian ethics, emphasizing virtues such as filial piety, respect for elders, and social responsibility.

  Economic Exchange: Rituals also played a role in economic transactions and trade. 

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The terms "maritime countries" and "continental countries" are often used to categorize nations based on their geographical characteristics and their relationship with bodies of water.

  Maritime Countries: Maritime countries are those that have a significant coastline and rely on the sea for trade, transportation, and often defense. These nations typically have a strong maritime tradition and may have a large portion of their population living in coastal areas. Maritime countries often have a strong emphasis on naval power, fishing, and maritime trade. Examples of maritime countries include Japan, the United Kingdom, Indonesia, and Norway.

  Continental Countries: Continental countries, on the other hand, are those that are geographically dominated by landmasses and have limited access to the sea. These nations often have a greater emphasis on land-based trade and transportation, and their economies and cultures may be more influenced by their immediate neighbors rather than by maritime influences. Examples of continental countries include Russia, China, Brazil, and Germany.

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture provided the intellectual, cultural, and religious context that gave rise to metaphysical inquiry and the development of monotheistic beliefs, laying the foundation for the evolution of Western philosophical and theological thought.

  5.Can we draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity (as suggested by Bertrand Russel on page 54)?  

  No, we cannot draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity as suggested by Bertrand Russel based solely on the belief that Li or rituals conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit. While it is true that Confucius emphasized the importance of Li and social structure, this was not at the expense of humanity or free will.

  Confucius believed that Li was important in promoting social harmony and respect for others, but also emphasized the importance of compassion, empathy, and individual expression. In fact, he stated that one must first develop oneself before being able to properly engage with society and Li.

  Furthermore, Russell’s assessment of Confucianism as inhuman can be considered narrow and limited. Confucian thought and philosophy have evolved over time, and there is no singular, monolithic interpretation of Confucianism.

  Overall, it is important to approach Confucianism and its concepts of Li and humanity with an open mind and nuanced understanding, rather than making sweeping conclusions based on limited perspectives.

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  彭雯 • 12-26

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice） According to Kant, true freedom is the opposite of necessity, it is also considered to mean that man has the free will to act not according to the law of nature or the law of cause and effect, but a law that he gives himself. 2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"? ①China was a family state, the social organization is automatic and hierarchic because in a family the authority of the father is naturally superior to that of the son. The country is constructed by numerous families, so-called “family and country as one”. Therefore, internal moral standards are needed to maintain social order. ②"Ritual" has the nature of law and has become the main norm for maintaining social order in ancient Chinese society. Originating from sacrificial rites, Li system and etiquette, as the norms followed in sacrificial ceremonies, had the nature of customary law in the clan society and Xia-Shang-Zhou period. After the Xia-Shang-Zhou period, while retaining the nature of customary law, many contents of Li system were transformed into clauses in written laws. In addition to the laws enacted and promulgated by the state, the system of traditional Chinese law concerning litigation, marriage, family, clan, inheritance, identity, and so on, can be found in corresponding rules in Li. ③"Ritual" not only manifests as political systems and legal norms, but also as ethical norms that people generally follow in their daily lives. It guides people’s thinking and consciousness in the form of ethical morality, enabling them to accept the spirit of Li from the heart, follow its requirements, and meet its standards. 3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries ① Marine countries, Marine countries in a broad sense as long as adjacent to the sea are counted, generally referring to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Japan and Japan and the United States, China is also a Marine country. ② continental countries, continental countries are landlocked countries, the territory does not include the sea, France, Germany and Russia are continental countries. 4.Why did the Greek and Roman tradition in Western culture give birth to metaphysics and monotheism? ①Firstly, the emergence of metaphysics can be traced back to the rise of ancient Greek philosophy. Greek philosophers delved deep into the nature of existence and the principles of the universe. Plato’s theory of Forms proposed the existence of an ideal world beyond the material realm, laying the foundation for later metaphysics. Aristotle’s metaphysics, on the other hand, explored the essence and structure of the universe from the perspective of reality and existence. These philosophical ideas from ancient Greece laid the groundwork for the development of metaphysics. ②Secondly, the emergence of monotheistic religions is closely intertwined with the mutual influence between Greek and Roman cultures. In ancient Greece, descriptions of numerous deities were already present in Greek tragedies and epic works. The rise of the Roman Empire absorbed Greek culture and developed Roman mythology based on Greek myths. However, with the passage of time and the diverse religious systems and cultural exchanges in the Greco-Roman world, some people began to reflect and seek the existence of a universal god. This wave of thought led to the rise of monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. They attempted to unify diverse belief systems by worshiping a single God (or Allah) and spread throughout the Roman Empire and its subsequent successors, especially Christianity. ③In conclusion, the birth of metaphysics and monotheism in the Greco-Roman traditions can be attributed to the profound reflections on the nature of existence by ancient Greek philosophers, as well as the influence of the diverse religious systems and cultural exchanges in Greco-Roman culture. These factors prompted people to pursue beliefs in the essence of the transcendent world and a unified deity. 5. Can we draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity (as suggested by Bertrand Russel on page 54)? No, it is not accurate to draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity based on the suggestion made by Bertrand Russell. Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived during the 5th century BCE and his teachings focused on ethical conduct, social harmony, and the cultivation of virtue. Confucius emphasized the importance of treating others with respect, virtue, and adherence to moral principles. He advocated for filial piety, loyalty, justice, and benevolence as fundamental values in human relationships. Confucianism promotes concepts such as the golden rule, which encourages individuals to treat others as they would like to be treated themselves. It is worth noting that interpretations of Confucianism may vary, and there have been different perspectives on its applicability and relevance over time. However, characterizing Confucius or his teachings as inhumane is an oversimplified and inaccurate representation of his philosophy.

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  17班陈曦 • 12-26

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

   

  Kant's concept of justice centers around the idea of treating individuals as ends in themselves and not merely as means to an end. In this context, justice is about respecting and upholding individual rights, including the right to freedom. This means that individuals should be able to exercise their freedom as long as it does not infringe on the equal freedom of others.

   

  2.Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"

   

  It is important to note that while traditional Chinese society placed great emphasis on ritual, contemporary China has experienced significant societal changes. While elements of ritual remain in certain aspects of Chinese culture, the economic and political structures have evolved to accommodate modern developments.

   

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

   

  The distinction between maritime countries and continental countries is primarily based on their geography, resources, and economic characteristics.

   

  4.Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

   

  The rise of metaphysics and monotheism in Western culture cannot be solely attributed to the Hellenistic tradition. While the Hellenistic period did have an influence on Western philosophical and religious thought, it is necessary to consider multiple factors that contributed to the development of these concepts.

   

  Metaphysics, as a philosophical discipline, examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attributes, and cause and effect. The origins of metaphysical inquiry can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophers like Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Plato, who explored questions about the nature of existence and knowledge. However, it is worth noting that metaphysical inquiries were not limited to the Hellenistic tradition but also evolved independently in other cultures.

   

  Similarly, the concept of monotheism, the belief in one God, has roots in various religious and philosophical traditions across different cultures. In the context of Western culture, monotheism gained prominence primarily through the Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions emerged in different historical periods and regions, and their teachings and beliefs were influenced by a variety of cultural factors, including the Hellenistic period in some cases.

   

  It is important to recognize that cultural, historical, and socio-political contexts play significant roles in the evolution of philosophical and religious ideas. While the Hellenistic tradition contributed to the development of metaphysics and had some impact on monotheism, it is crucial to consider the broader historical and cultural landscape to fully understand the emergence and evolution of these concepts in Western culture.

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  张丹凝 • 12-26

   1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  "Freedom" in Kant's justice philosophy refers to the state where individuals exercise their rights and pursue goals without external interference. Kant argues that freedom is an inherent right of humanity, but it should be constrained by moral principles to ensure harmony between individual and collective freedoms.

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

  In traditional Chinese society, "Ritual" is not just a ceremony but a moral guideline sustaining social order. By regulating behavior, "Ritual" encourages individuals to prioritize societal interests, contributing to social harmony. Its role in the economic and political structure lies in establishing a set of relatively fixed social norms and moral standards, aiding in stabilizing governance and societal relations.

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  5班袁宇婷 • 12-26

  What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

   

  "Freedom" in Kant's justice philosophy refers to the state where individuals exercise their rights and pursue goals without external interference. Kant argues that freedom is an inherent right of humanity, but it should be constrained by moral principles to ensure harmony between individual and collective freedoms.

   

   

   

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

   

  In traditional Chinese society, "Ritual" is not just a ceremony but a moral guideline sustaining social order. By regulating behavior, "Ritual" encourages individuals to prioritize societal interests, contributing to social harmony. Its role in the economic and political structure lies in establishing a set of relatively fixed social norms and moral standards, aiding in stabilizing governance and societal relations.

   

   

   

   3. Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

   

  The distinction between maritime and continental countries is based on geographical and economic factors. Maritime countries, surrounded by seas, often have economies influenced by maritime activities like trade, fishing, and navigation, while continental countries, located inland, focus more on agriculture.

   

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

   

  The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture spurred contemplation beyond the material world, fostering the development of metaphysics. This philosophical trend guided individuals beyond sensory experiences to seek higher truths. Simultaneously, the religious beliefs in the Hellenistic tradition laid the foundation for monotheism, concentrating faith in a single deity and emphasizing the universe's order and unity.

   

   

   

  No, it would be an oversimplification and a misinterpretation to conclude that Confucius is in line with inhumanity solely based on the criticism of Li or rituals. Confucianism, as propagated by Confucius, is a comprehensive philosophical and ethical system that goes beyond rituals. While rituals play a role in structuring social and personal behaviors, the core of Confucianism emphasizes ethical virtues, moral cultivation, and the development of benevolence (ren) and righteousness (yi).Bertrand Russell's suggestion of inhumanity might stem from a limited view of Confucianism or a specific interpretation of rituals. Confucius advocated for the harmonious coexistence of individuals within a society, emphasizing empathy, compassion, and the well-being of others. His teachings aimed at creating a moral and just society, and not at suppressing human emotional instincts or free spirit.In essence, Confucianism encourages a balanced approach that incorporates both ethical principles and humanistic values, aiming for a harmonious and virtuous society.

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  何思谚 • 12-26

  The statement that "Li or rituals seem to conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit" is not entirely accurate. In fact, Confucius advocated that rituals should be based on humanity and empathy, emphasizing that rituals are not just a set of rigid rules, but a means to cultivate and express human virtues and emotions. Confucius believed that through rituals, people can cultivate their own character and morality, and at the same time build harmonious interpersonal relationships and social order.
  Therefore, we cannot draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity just because rituals may seem to conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit. In fact, Confucius' teachings emphasize the importance of humanity, virtue, and empathy, and he advocated that rituals should be based on these principles.

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  魏嘉怡 • 12-26

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

   

  Kant's concept of justice centers around the idea of treating individuals as ends in themselves and not merely as means to an end. In this context, justice is about respecting and upholding individual rights, including the right to freedom. This means that individuals should be able to exercise their freedom as long as it does not infringe on the equal freedom of others.

   

  2.Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"

   

  It is important to note that while traditional Chinese society placed great emphasis on ritual, contemporary China has experienced significant societal changes. While elements of ritual remain in certain aspects of Chinese culture, the economic and political structures have evolved to accommodate modern developments.

   

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

   

  The distinction between maritime countries and continental countries is primarily based on their geography, resources, and economic characteristics.

   

  4.Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

   

  The rise of metaphysics and monotheism in Western culture cannot be solely attributed to the Hellenistic tradition. While the Hellenistic period did have an influence on Western philosophical and religious thought, it is necessary to consider multiple factors that contributed to the development of these concepts.

   

  Metaphysics, as a philosophical discipline, examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attributes, and cause and effect. The origins of metaphysical inquiry can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophers like Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Plato, who explored questions about the nature of existence and knowledge. However, it is worth noting that metaphysical inquiries were not limited to the Hellenistic tradition but also evolved independently in other cultures.

   

  Similarly, the concept of monotheism, the belief in one God, has roots in various religious and philosophical traditions across different cultures. In the context of Western culture, monotheism gained prominence primarily through the Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions emerged in different historical periods and regions, and their teachings and beliefs were influenced by a variety of cultural factors, including the Hellenistic period in some cases.

   

  It is important to recognize that cultural, historical, and socio-political contexts play significant roles in the evolution of philosophical and religious ideas. While the Hellenistic tradition contributed to the development of metaphysics and had some impact on monotheism, it is crucial to consider the broader historical and cultural landscape to fully understand the emergence and evolution of these concepts in Western culture.

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  melody • 12-26

  What is freedom?

  Kant believed that freedom is an essentially unlimitable right, which is the important attribute of human beings. He defined freedom as autonomy, that is, the ability to have free will. Autonomy is the basis of human beings' ability to act, an internal force that is not affected by external factors. Kant believed that man's free will, which is not disturbed by any external factors, is the untouchable core that exists in the depths of man's heart. The essence of freedom is a human ability to do it himself, not a right given by another person or a government. Therefore, Kant argued that any restriction of freedom is contrary to human nature and immoral. He believed that true moral and social progress could only be achieved for humanity on the basis of the protection of the freedom of every human being.

  Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need Ritual?

  In traditional Chinese society, ritual is not just a ceremony but a moral guideline sustaining social order. By regulating behavior, ritual encourages individuals to priority societal interests, contributing to social harmony. Its role in the economic and political structure lies in establishing a set of relatively fixed social norms and moral standards, aiding in stabilizing governance and societal relations.

  Maritime countries and continental countries

  The distinction between maritime and continental countries is based on geographical and economic factors. Maritime countries are surrounded by seas, and often have economies influenced by maritime activities like trade, fasting and navigation, while continental countries are located inland, and focus more on agriculture.

   

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  16班李宝弘 • 12-26

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  Kant's concept of justice centers around the idea of treating individuals as ends in themselves and not merely as means to an end. In this context, justice is about respecting and upholding individual rights, including the right to freedom. This means that individuals should be able to exercise their freedom as long as it does not infringe on the equal freedom of others.

  2.Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"

  It is important to note that while traditional Chinese society placed great emphasis on ritual, contemporary China has experienced significant societal changes. While elements of ritual remain in certain aspects of Chinese culture, the economic and political structures have evolved to accommodate modern developments.

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The distinction between maritime countries and continental countries is primarily based on their geography, resources, and economic characteristics.

  4.Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  The rise of metaphysics and monotheism in Western culture cannot be solely attributed to the Hellenistic tradition. While the Hellenistic period did have an influence on Western philosophical and religious thought, it is necessary to consider multiple factors that contributed to the development of these concepts.

  Metaphysics, as a philosophical discipline, examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attributes, and cause and effect. The origins of metaphysical inquiry can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophers like Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Plato, who explored questions about the nature of existence and knowledge. However, it is worth noting that metaphysical inquiries were not limited to the Hellenistic tradition but also evolved independently in other cultures.

  Similarly, the concept of monotheism, the belief in one God, has roots in various religious and philosophical traditions across different cultures. In the context of Western culture, monotheism gained prominence primarily through the Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions emerged in different historical periods and regions, and their teachings and beliefs were influenced by a variety of cultural factors, including the Hellenistic period in some cases.

  It is important to recognize that cultural, historical, and socio-political contexts play significant roles in the evolution of philosophical and religious ideas. While the Hellenistic tradition contributed to the development of metaphysics and had some impact on monotheism, it is crucial to consider the broader historical and cultural landscape to fully understand the emergence and evolution of these concepts in Western culture.

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  5班夏晓寒 • 12-26

  We cannot draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity. There are three reasons：

  First, freedom is not about doing whatever you want, but to act autonomously according to a law that you give yourself, which is also Kant’s conception of freedom. So organized social and individual behaviors are not in conflict with the spirit of freedom; on the contrary, free action must take place in an orderly manner within the organization of society.

  Second, ancient Chinese closed and scattered agricultural economy that formed by Chinese special geographical conditions, is economic source of the conservative habit of the public, and most of agricultural activities was based on the family unit. Besides, the political system of ancient China is a relatively stable political system. Owning to the characteristics of ancient Chinese economic and political structure, rituals is really needed to maintain social stability and economic development.

  Last, the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture spurred contemplation beyond the material world, fostering the development of metaphysics. At the time of the rise of monotheism, the society was in the stage of the disintegration of primitive society, the formation of class society, the contradictions between nobility and commoners in clan society and between slave owners and slaves after entering class society were very sharp. Therefore, the essence of metaphysics and the rise of the monotheism is to maintain the unity of society and to emphasize the universe's order and unity.

  All in all, although Li is about organizing and structuring social and personal behaviors, social unity and stability is necessity for people to act freely, so Confucius is not in line with inhumanity, but actually is humanity.

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  王义兰 • 12-26

  1.什么是自由

  According to Kant, true freedom is considered to mean that man has the free will to act according to his own legislation, which is not bound by the natural law and gets rid of the physical instinct in the sense of moral practice, and that man's reason establishes the inevitable laws of nature in the aspect of objects, but therefore limits his own freedom. In practice, the same reason of man is not bound by the laws of nature, but acts according to its own consistent universal law of free will.

  Man is still perfectly free in the face of all natural necessity, he is perfectly free to act outside the moral law (the categorical imperative), he is well aware in his heart of what he "ought" to do, and only by doing so is he truly free. This law set by oneself for oneself is self-disciplin

  2.为什么中国传统社会的政治经济结构需要“礼”

  "Rule of Rites" builds social order

  Confucianism advocates "rule by rites" and tries to promote the principle and standard of "rites" to build the order of social life. In traditional Chinese culture, "Li" contains a wide range, Confucian culture "li" at least contains the following meanings: one is a political principle. The main form of "rites" is the orderly social structure. In this social structure, everyone must act in accordance with their own role and position, and can not be "arrogated", so that the society can be orderly. The second is a social system. "Rites" stipulate the rights and obligations of all levels of society, as the norms for the establishment of social relations and social communication between people, and the fulfillment of corresponding rights and obligations is a system norm that everyone must abide by.

  The third is etiquette. Learning "rites" and practicing "rites" are the basis for individuals of different levels to stand in socieBecause of the profound  connotation and multiple functions of rites, rites have played an important role in maintaining the order of our feudal society for a long time. In essence, ritual is the basic means to maintain the status and interests of the ruling class, and it is also a normative system for social control. The foundation of ritual's control and maintenance of social order lies in its construction of a pyramidal social hierarchyBecause of the profound  connotation and multiple functions of rites, rites have played an important role in maintaining the order of our feudal society for a long time. In essence, ritual is the basic means to maintain the status and interests of the ruling class, and it is also a normative system for social control. The foundation of ritual's control and maintenance of social order lies in its construction of a pyramidal social hierarchyty.

  3.为什么西方文化中的希罗传统会诞生形而上学和一神教

  The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture spurred contemplation beyond the material world, fostering the development of metaphysics. This philosophical trend leads individuals to go beyond sensory experience and seek a higher truth. And Descartes also once claimed that: Philosophy is like the "root" of a tree; physics, the "trunk", and other sciences, the "branches". The metaphysics is almost ingrained in the westerners. At the time of the rise of monotheism, the society was in the stage of the disintegration of primitive society and the formation of class society, in which time the contradictions between nobility and commoners in clan society and between slave owners and slaves after entering class society were very sharp. Therefore, the essence of metaphysics and the rise of the monotheism is to maintain the unity of society and to emphasize the universe's order and unity.

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  14班付琪琦 • 12-26

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  Kant believes that people are both "feeling" and "phenomenon" and "conceptual" and "ontology". In the world of experience, people are determined and not free, and their wills and actions are governed by the law of cause and effect of nature; people are a free and morally dynamic force, who can choose between good and evil, and are free and self-determination. In Kant's view, ethical or moral freedom refers to the self-determination or self-determination of a person who follows his inner moral law. He believes that every rational person has a moral law engraved in his heart, or "absolute command", which requires people to act according to universal law. As long as people can abide by the moral law or "absolute command" in their hearts, then he is morally free.

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

  The patriarchal system, sub-feudal system, military service system, title system, land system, tribute system, military and political system, criminal law system, official system and other political systems in ancient China belonged to the category of "courtesy" in ancient times. Although all kinds of etiquette have gains and losses and changes with the development of society or the change of dynasties, it is always the same. "Etity" has always been the theoretical basis and value standard of various systems in ancient society in China for thousands of years, and it has always been the ideal institutional model pursued by the ideology of feudal dynasties in China.

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  I think the so-called continental civilization refers to a civilization developed with agriculture as the main means of economic development. This civilization is generally produced in the big river basin, China, Egypt, and countries in the two river basins. As for marine civilization, my understanding is a civilization that takes commercial trade as the main means of economic development. This kind of country generally has a small land area, but has a long coastline. Agriculture is underdeveloped, but industry and commerce are developing rapidly. The Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Venice are such examples. Moreover, such countries need to have a large number in a region to ensure that there are enough trading partners, such as routes from Northern Europe to Western Europe and the Mediterranean coast, especially the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) and the Apennine Peninsula (Italy).

  4.Can we draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity (as suggested by Bertrand Russel on page 54)?  

  No. The "courtesy" we are talking about has the attributes of political hierarchy and ethics. As the "courtesy" of the hierarchy, it emphasizes "name". That is, Confucius' so-called "king, minister, father, son and son." As the specific content of "courtesy" of ethics and morality, including filial piety, kindness, courtesy, obedience, respect, harmony, benevolence, righteousness, etc.

   

   

   

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  19班周芯羽 • 12-26

  The most basic meaning of freedom is the absence of restrictions or obstacles, or the absence of restrictions or obstacles. People seek freedom because they feel an uncomfortable constraint, but if you don't feel that constraint, then you don't have a desire for freedom and behavior. Therefore, the sense of constraint is a prerequisite for freedom.According to Kant, true freedom is considered to mean that man has the free will to act according to his own legislation without being bound by the law of nature in the sense of moral real money, and that man's reason establishes the inevitable laws of nature in the aspect of objects, but therefore limits his own freedom.In the eyes of Confucius, "freedom" is a natural right of human beings. This freedom does not mean absolute freedom of human beings, but limited freedom, that is, individuals can fully show their abilities and talents, but at the same time, they need to consider the impact of individual behavior on society, and cannot cause harm to society for their own freedom.

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  程兵 • 12-27

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  "Freedom" in Kant's justice philosophy refers to the state where individuals exercise their rights and pursue goals without external interference. Kant argues that freedom is an inherent right of humanity, but it should be constrained by moral principles to ensure harmony between individual and collective freedoms.

   

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

  In traditional Chinese society, "Ritual" is not just a ceremony but a moral guideline sustaining social order. By regulating behavior, "Ritual" encourages individuals to prioritize societal interests, contributing to social harmony. Its role in the economic and political structure lies in establishing a set of relatively fixed social norms and moral standards, aiding in stabilizing governance and societal relations.

   

   3. Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The distinction between maritime and continental countries is based on geographical and economic factors. Maritime countries, surrounded by seas, often have economies influenced by maritime activities like trade, fishing, and navigation, while continental countries, located inland, focus more on agriculture.

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture spurred contemplation beyond the material world, fostering the development of metaphysics. This philosophical trend guided individuals beyond sensory experiences to seek higher truths. Simultaneously, the religious beliefs in the Hellenistic tradition laid the foundation for monotheism, concentrating faith in a single deity and emphasizing the universe's order and unity.

   

  No, it would be an oversimplification and a misinterpretation to conclude that Confucius is in line with inhumanity solely based on the criticism of Li or rituals. Confucianism, as propagated by Confucius, is a comprehensive philosophical and ethical system that goes beyond rituals. While rituals play a role in structuring social and personal behaviors, the core of Confucianism emphasizes ethical virtues, moral cultivation, and the development of benevolence (ren) and righteousness (yi).Bertrand Russell's suggestion of inhumanity might stem from a limited view of Confucianism or a specific interpretation of rituals. Confucius advocated for the harmonious coexistence of individuals within a society, emphasizing empathy, compassion, and the well-being of others. His teachings aimed at creating a moral and just society, and not at suppressing human emotional instincts or free spirit.In essence, Confucianism encourages a balanced approach that incorporates both ethical principles and humanistic values, aiming for a harmonious and virtuous society.

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  20班罗坤菡 • 12-27

  I don't agree with the opinion that Confucius' Li is in line with inhumanity. 

  On the one hand, we need to figure out the multiple meanings of "Li". "Li" can not only be understood as "ceremony" or "etiquette", but also be defined as "sincerity", which means a "unification" of our behaviour and heart. Therefore, the "essence" of Li lies not in the "form", but in our "heart". To understand Li better, we can not merely stay on the forms of those ceremonies, but more importantly, we should make our heart and feelings conform to the requirements of "Li".

  On the other hand, we need to clear up some misconceptions about the word, "freedom".
  Actually, "freedom" is based on order and rules. Because without those constraints, people can do whatever they want, then the world will fall into chaos, not to mention the "freedom" of individuals. So, the order of society precedes the freedom of individuals. Only under the rules of Li can we have a harmonious and stable society, and only then can we have true freedom and humanity.

  All in all, Confucius' "Li", which highlights the "people-oriented" ideology, doesn't mean to hide the nature of "humanity", but serves as a natural expression of human emotions.

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  朱倚含 • 12-27

  What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  Kant's idea of justice is based on the concept of freedom, which he defines as the ability to act according to one's own will, without external coercion or interference. In this sense, freedom is the foundation of justice, as it allows individuals to make their own choices and be responsible for their actions.

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

  Social Order and Stability: Rituals provided a framework for maintaining social order and harmony within the community. 

  Legitimizing Authority: Rituals were used to legitimize the authority of rulers and government officials.

  Moral and Ethical Guidance: Rituals were deeply intertwined with Confucian ethics, emphasizing virtues such as filial piety, respect for elders, and social responsibility.

  Economic Exchange: Rituals also played a role in economic transactions and trade. 

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The terms "maritime countries" and "continental countries" are often used to categorize nations based on their geographical characteristics and their relationship with bodies of water.

  Maritime Countries: Maritime countries are those that have a significant coastline and rely on the sea for trade, transportation, and often defense. These nations typically have a strong maritime tradition and may have a large portion of their population living in coastal areas. Maritime countries often have a strong emphasis on naval power, fishing, and maritime trade. Examples of maritime countries include Japan, the United Kingdom, Indonesia, and Norway.

  Continental Countries: Continental countries, on the other hand, are those that are geographically dominated by landmasses and have limited access to the sea. These nations often have a greater emphasis on land-based trade and transportation, and their economies and cultures may be more influenced by their immediate neighbors rather than by maritime influences. Examples of continental countries include Russia, China, Brazil, and Germany.

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture provided the intellectual, cultural, and religious context that gave rise to metaphysical inquiry and the development of monotheistic beliefs, laying the foundation for the evolution of Western philosophical and theological thought.

  5.Can we draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity (as suggested by Bertrand Russel on page 54)?  

  No, we cannot draw the conclusion that Confucius is in line with inhumanity as suggested by Bertrand Russel based solely on the belief that Li or rituals conflict with human emotional instinct and free spirit. While it is true that Confucius emphasized the importance of Li and social structure, this was not at the expense of humanity or free will.

   

  Confucius believed that Li was important in promoting social harmony and respect for others, but also emphasized the importance of compassion, empathy, and individual expression. In fact, he stated that one must first develop oneself before being able to properly engage with society and Li.

   

  Furthermore, Russell’s assessment of Confucianism as inhuman can be considered narrow and limited. Confucian thought and philosophy have evolved over time, and there is no singular, monolithic interpretation of Confucianism.

   

  Overall, it is important to approach Confucianism and its concepts of Li and humanity with an open mind and nuanced understanding, rather than making sweeping conclusions based on limited perspectives.

   

   Confucius is not inhumane. If we only focus on its aspect of suppressing human emotions and serving social order, we will get a wrong understanding. On the contrary, Confucius' Confucian ideology is jointly dependent on the "private" nature of human nature and the "public" nature of the country. On the one hand, it emphasizes family harmony and brotherhood, and on the other hand, it emphasizes loyalty to the country and the monarch, and compassion for the people. At the same time, Confucianism also embodies personal aspirations, guiding people on the right path through various aspects of cultivation and discipline. The Confucian concept of "propriety" does indeed constrain people in certain aspects, but for a country, "propriety" is order. How can people survive in a country without order? So we cannot equate Confucius' Confucianism with the concept of human nature.

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  20班冉典扬怡 • 12-27

   1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  According to Kant's theory of justice, "freedom" can be understood as the ability of individuals to act according to their own rational will, free from undue external interference or coercion. This includes not only the absence of physical constraints but also the absence of arbitrary or unjust limitations on one's actions. Kant believed that freedom is essential to human dignity and moral agency.

  2.Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"？

  In traditional Chinese society, the concept of "Ritual" (礼, lǐ) played a crucial role in both the economic and political structure. Rituals served as a unifying force that helped maintain social order and stability.

  Economically, the emphasis on rituals helped to establish and maintain relationships between different social classes and individuals. It fostered a sense of mutual respect and obligation, which formed the basis for trade, commerce, and other economic activities. Additionally, rituals often accompanied important economic transactions, such as marriages and business deals, providing a framework for conducting these activities in a harmonious and respectful manner.

  Politically, rituals were used to legitimize the authority of rulers and to reinforce hierarchical relationships within the society. By adhering to prescribed rituals, individuals and communities acknowledged the authority of the ruling class and contributed to the overall stability of the political system. This helped to prevent social unrest and rebellion, ensuring the continuity of the political structure.

  Overall, "Ritual" in traditional Chinese society served as a powerful tool for maintaining social cohesion, fostering cooperation, and upholding the existing economic and political order.

  3. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture gave rise to metaphysics and monotheism due to the fusion of Greek philosophy with Eastern ideas. The encounter with Eastern cultures, particularly the influence of Persian and Egyptian thought, led to a reevaluation of traditional Greek beliefs. This interaction sparked an interest in ultimate reality and the nature of existence, leading to the development of metaphysical inquiries. Additionally, exposure to monotheistic religions such as Zoroastrianism prompted philosophical reflections on the concept of a single, supreme deity, contributing to the emergence of monotheistic ideas within Hellenistic culture.

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  陈杰 • 12-27

  No. I believe that Confucius isn't in line with in humanity.
  With both the terms “rite of passage” and “ritual” facing difficulties as analytic concepts, we have no way to differentiate between common behavior, rite of passage, and ritual in a strict sense until today. Through careful reading, we find that van Gennep’s original expressions of nearly all the basic features of the rite of passage are vague. The only thing we can ensure is that ritual object will change through the rite of passage. Gluckman tried to explain the rite of passage with social relations, but his effort failed because common behavior also changes social relations. By examining three cases—an airplane journey, Ilongot headhunting, and Yiche ancestor worship—we find that formalization, standardization, or routinization is not the essential element of ritual. The core of the problem is what people want to change through ritual. Applying belief theory as a way forward, we use the change of relations between two categories of mental existence but social relations for the definition of ritual. We then equate rite of passage with ritual and restrict ritual to religious behavior. Furthermore, according to the kinds of mental existence that we want to change in ritual, we classify two kinds of ritual.

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  陈富榆 • 12-28

  1. What is "Freedom"? (on Kant's idea of Justice）

  The core concept of Kant's moral philosophy is freedom. In Kant's view, people not only belong to the "feeling" or "phenomenal" world, but also belong to the "conceptual" or "ontology" world. As part of the world of empirical phenomena, man is determined and unfree, and his will and behavior are subject to the causal law of the natural world. As part of the rational ontology world, man is a free and moral driving force. He is free and self-determined to choose between good and evil. Kant believes that the general principles of law and morality cannot be based on empirical human nature, but must be incorporated into the "conceptual" or "ontological" world, and built on a priori "should" world based on rational commands.

  2. Why does the traditional Chinese society's economic and political structure need "Ritual"?

  Compared with the law, ritual has three strengths and advantages, which can prevent trouble, guide people to kindness, and maintain the harmony of social order. Governing the world with ritual can establish a good social order, make people separate, fulfill their respective responsibilities, and avoid social chaos and contradictions.

  The defect of ritual is that when people do not abide by the norms of etiquette, they cannot take coercive measures to punish them. Therefore, in the long-term historical evolution, the combination of ritual and law has formed a governance method that combines ritual and law.

  In a word, governing the world with courtesy is one of the important ways of social governance in ancient China, which is rooted in Confucianism. The advantage of ritual is that it can establish a good social order and avoid social chaos and contradictions. However, the defect of ritual is that it cannot force people to abide by ritual norms. Therefore, in the long-term historical evolution, the combination of ritual and law has formed a governance method that combines ritual and law.

  3.Maritime Countries and Continental Countries

  The Greeks lived ina maritime country and maintained their prosperity thought commerce.

  They were primarily merchants. And what merchants have to deal with first are the abstract numbers used in their commercial accounts, and only then with concrete things that may have immediately apprehended through these numbers.Such numbers are what Northrop called concepts by postulation. Hence Greek philosopher s likewise took the concept by postulation as their starting point.They developed mathematics and mathematical reasoning. That is why they had epistemological problem and why their language was so articulate. They are accustomed to change and are not afraid of novelty.

  Continental Countries

  This is the view of one who admire the natural and condemns the artificial. The way of life of the farmers is to follow nature. They admire nature and condemn the artificial, and in their primitivity and innocent, they are easily made content.

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

  The ancient Greeks strongly focused on political democracy and freedom of thought, firmly believed in human values and dignity, and did not succumb to any secular or religious authority. With the attitude of rationalism and secularism and adhering to the spirit of free exploration, positive thinking and continuous innovation, they have brought free, rational and democratic humanistic ideas, optimistic and enterprising attitude towards life and healthy and simple aesthetic concepts to the Western world.

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  16班陈思宇 • 12-28

  1. What is "freedom"? (On Kant's View of Justice)

   

  For Kant, the fundamental truth about human beings is that they are free, rational, responsible agents, and this truth is relevant to considerations of justice. "Freedom" in Kant's philosophy of justice refers to the state in which individuals exercise their rights and pursue their goals without external interference. Kant argued that freedom is an inherent human right, but that it should be governed by moral principles to ensure harmony between individual and collective freedom.

   

   

   

  2. Why does the economic and political structure of traditional Chinese society need "rites"?

   

  In traditional Chinese society, "Li" is not only a ritual, but a moral code to maintain social order. By regulating behavior, "rituals" encourage individuals to prioritize social interests and promote social harmony. Its role in economic and political structures is to establish a relatively fixed set of social norms and moral standards that help stabilize governance and social relations.

   

   

   

  3. Maritime and continental States

   

  The distinction between maritime and continental countries is based on geographic and economic factors. The economies of maritime countries surrounded by the sea tend to be influenced by maritime activities such as trade, fishing and navigation, while landlocked continental countries focus more on agriculture. We can also use the words of Confucius, saying that the people of maritime countries are wise, and the people of mainland countries are benevolent, and then according to the words of Confucius: "The wise are happy with water, the benevolent are happy with mountains; The wise move, the benevolent quiet; Those who know are happy, and those who are kind live long."

   

  4. Why did the Hellenistic tradition in Western culture give rise to metaphysics and monotheism?

   

  The Hellenistic tradition in Western culture inspired contemplation beyond the material world and promoted the development of metaphysics. This philosophical tendency leads individuals to go beyond sensory experience and seek higher truths. At the same time, religious beliefs in the Hellenistic tradition laid the foundation for monotheism, focusing belief on a single god and emphasizing the order and unity of the universe.

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  17班葛依 • 12-28

  The theory of human nature is a foundation of Confucian philosophy and an important basis for the division of Confucianism. In the time of Confucius, it had not yet become a central theme of academic thought. Confucianism pays attention to the theory of human nature, which actually originated in the age of seventy sons after learning. But Confucius as the source of Confucianism, all later Confucian thought, hope to compromise with the master. Therefore, from the perspective of later generations, how to trace Confucius' view of human nature and how to understand the relationship between Confucius' thought of human nature and the seventy later studies and even the theory of human nature of Mencius and Xun has become an unavoidable theoretical problem. It concerns not only the identification of the true face of Confucius, but also the identity of the ideological history of Confucianism, and even the continuity of Taoism. Therefore, the discussion of Confucius' view of human nature is paid more attention by the academic circles.

   

  However, the discussion of Confucius' view of human nature easily falls into two misunderstandings: first, it is believed that Confucius has no invention about human nature, and only grasps a sentence of "similar nature" as an empirical observation, failing to understand the complex structure of Confucius' view of human nature; Second, he applied the later learning thoughts to Confucius, or took the relevant statements of Yi Zhuan as Confucius' claims, or directly took Mencius' problem consciousness of the goodness of nature and returned to the Analects to find scattered evidence, without paying attention to the differences in concerns, ideas and backgrounds. In fact, the discussion and conclusion of Confucius' human nature thought, on the one hand, is to return to Confucius' own problems and concerns, and present his way and original intention of understanding human nature; On the one hand, from the Angle of ideological history, it is to reveal how his view of human nature led and triggered the second Confucian theory of human nature.

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  17班刘禹男 • 12-28

  Confucius emphasized the importance of courtesy, believing that it helps to maintain social order and personal morality. However, this does not necessarily mean that he violated humanity. Confucius' idea is to promote a harmonious society by regulating behavior, and he emphasizes moral cultivation and social responsibility. Therefore, it can be said that his view is to seek the balance between human morality and social harmony while emphasizing ceremony.

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