The Book of Rites requires individuals to cultivate themselves, manage their families, govern the state, and pacify the world, reflecting an inward-outward progression. This demonstrates that our love for others exists, and the hierarchical distinctions are actually intended to take responsibility for others, to better love them.
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A discussion on "differentiated benevolence"
•Does professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" suggest that Confucians claim a stronger love toward one’s own family, while the love grows thinner to others? How do you understand the extension of love in Confucianism?
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In the context of Confucian thought, this idea can be seen as an extension of the principle of filial piety (孝), which emphasizes respect, loyalty, and care for one's parents and ancestors. Confucianism does indeed place a strong emphasis on familial bonds and the duties and responsibilities that come with them. However, it is important to note that Confucian ethics also advocate for the extension of these virtues beyond the immediate family to the broader community and even to all people.
The concept of Ren encompasses a wide range of virtuous behaviors, including kindness, empathy, and altruism, and it is not confined strictly to one's family. While the love and care for one's family are foundational, Confucianism encourages individuals to cultivate Ren in their interactions with all people, striving to treat others with the same level of respect and consideration that they would show to their close relatives.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" aligns with Confucian philosophy, which emphasizes a hierarchical structure of relationships. The love and care one shows are strongest within the family and diminish as the relationships become more distant. This gradual extension of love and care is intended to create a stable and harmonious society.
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This view is a misunderstanding. Confucian “differentiated love” doesn't mean the love is thinner for others. It emphasizes that love starts from the family as a center and radiates outwards in concentric circles. It is a step - by - step extension of love, from loving family members to neighbors, society and all beings, aiming to achieve a harmonious social order through this hierarchical but all - inclusive love.
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It is human nature to treat different people differently. Our instinct is to have deeper feelings for those who are closer to us. This does not mean that the Confucian benevolent lover is false, it is two ideas that can be juxtated. On the basis of loving all people equally, love those who are closely related to us more.
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Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" (or "difference-sequence pattern") does not directly imply that Confucianism advocates deeper love for one's family and thinner love for others. Instead, the extension of love in Confucianism emphasizes treating others with a benevolent heart, allowing love to gradually expand to broader social relationships.
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Fei Xiaotong's concept of differentiated love does not suggest that Confucians claim a stronger love toward one’s own family, while the love grows thinner to others. Actually, it is a hierarchy of love based on the closeness or distance of interpersonal relationships. The extension of love in Confucian thought emphasizes starting from oneself, first loving one's own family, and then gradually expanding that love to relatives and friends, and eventually to the entire society. This love has layers and distinctions.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's"differentiated love"in Confucianism posits a graded love,strongest towards family and diminishing towards others.This aligns with Confucian"ren,"or benevolence,which is not uniform but extends from family to society.Confucius valued familial bonds and moral obligations,suggesting love starts there and expands outward.This love is particularistic yet has universal potential,reflecting natural human bonds and social harmony.Thehe extension of love is a moral journey,beginning with filial piety and respect within the family,then broadening to include loyalty and concern for all.It's an orderly progression based on human relationships and societal harmony.In essence,Confucian ethics recognize a practical approach to love,prioritizing close relationships while aspiring to encompass all of humanity,fostering a harmonious society.
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This point is wrong.Confucianism is an important part of Chinese traditional culture, and one of its core ideas is "benevolence". This kind of love is not only a simple love of affection, but also a wide range of emotional expressions that continue to extend from the inside out. From Confucius' "benevolent lover" to Mencius' "pushing love" to the Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism's "all things are one", the Confucian understanding of love has experienced a process of continuous enrichment and development.
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Fei Xiaotong's theory emphasizes differences and flexibility in interpersonal networks, leading to differences in the expression of love. While love in Confucianism is equally unequal, it is not limited to the family or the love for one's own family is stronger. The "benevolence" advocated by Confucianism gradually extends from the close people to the wider population, emphasizing care and respect for all people. Therefore, there is a correspondence between the two in the difference of love, but there is a difference in the extension and comprehensiveness of love. Love in Confucianism is more extensive and far-reaching, emphasizing care and respect for all people.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differential mode of association," often translated as "differential or graduated circles of relationship," provides an insightful interpretation of Confucian ethics, particularly regarding how affection and duty are distributed in Chinese society. Here, Fei illustrates the social structure through the metaphor of concentric circles rippling out from oneself like water spreading from a pebble dropped into a pond.
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Confucianism places a strong emphasis on family relationships, particularly filial piety towards parents and respect for elders. This love is manifested in actions such as caring for one's parents, supporting siblings, and maintaining harmonious family relationships. However, this does not mean that the love within the family is exclusive or superior to other forms of love.
Differentiated Love : Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated benevolence" reflects the Confucian idea that love and benevolence should be practiced with different degrees of intensity and focus based on social relationships. For example, one may have a deeper love and responsibility towards one's immediate family, but this does not exclude the possibility of extending love and care to others, such as friends, neighbors, and even strangers.Extension to Society : Confucianism encourages individuals to extend their love and benevolence beyond the family to the wider society. This is embodied in the idea of "universal love" or "bo love," which refers to a sense of responsibility and care for all people.
Confucians believe that by cultivating such a broad and inclusive love, individuals can contribute to the harmonious development of society.Harmony and Order : The ultimate goal of extending love in Confucianism is to achieve harmony and order in society. -
Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" indeed suggests a hierarchy of affection, where Confucians claim a stronger love toward one’s own family, and this love gradually extends to others in a diminishing fashion. This concept aligns with the Confucian understanding of love, which is not uniform across all relationships but is rather graded and extends from the intimate to the more distant[^0^]。In Confucianism, love is understood to start with the family and then expand outward. The Confucian concept of "Ren" ,often translated as benevolence or humaneness, is central to this understanding. It involves a compassionate and caring attitude towards all individuals, with the starting point being one's immediate family.
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Confucius' view is a kind of ethical concept that not only respects people's natural emotions, but also emphasizes the practice of love levels and differences in different social relations, which is conducive to social harmony. This concept occupies an important place in Confucianism and has had a profound impact on traditional Chinese culture and social structure.
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Differentiated benevolence, a core concept within Confucianism, reflects a hierarchical and gradual extension of kindness and love. This concept recognizes the natural differences in relationships and the varying degrees of affection one feels towards different individuals. Below is a detailed discussion on differentiated benevolence, exploring its origins, implications, and relevance in modern society.
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Understanding the Extension of Love
In Confucianism, the extension of love is seen as a process of expanding one's circle of care and responsibility. While the innermost circle (family) receives the most attention and deepest emotional investment, the outer circles (friends, community, society) are not neglected. Instead, they are treated with increasing levels of general benevolence and moral consideration
Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" aligns well with the Confucian understanding of social relationships and obligations. While Confucianism does emphasize stronger bonds and deeper love within the family, it also promotes the extension of care and moral responsibility to a broader range of people. This extension is not a thinning of love but a broadening of the moral community, where each layer has its own unique but important place in the social fabric.
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Benevolence emphasizes universal love, while the starting point for family and others is different. Love for family is filial love while love for others is a kind of respect, understanding and tolerance. By promoting love for family to others, it is a means to realize social harmony.
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The Confucian idea of love extension is based on the principle of "Xiao", or filial piety, which emphasizes love and respect towards one's parents and ancestors 。This love is then expected to radiate outward, influencing other relationships and interactions. Confucianism teaches that love should start with the family and then extend to society, with the intensity of love diminishing as the social distance from the individual increases. This extension of love is not uniform but follows the natural order of relationships, promoting harmony and social cohesion.
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Living in complex, cooperative communities frequently requires benevolence, or actions that strengthen and support the well-being and interests of others . Understanding when and why humans engage in supportive actions is among the most fundamental questions in sociology. Often, decisions about whether and how to respond to requests for help from members of one’s personal network are a straightforward matter of material or logistical wherewithal. Sometimes, however, a request for help introduces a moral conflict. For example, being asked to help a friend cheat on an exam is likely to produce conflict between the values of benevolence and integrity. Such situations may generate cognitive and emotional dissonance or discomfort, but existing empirical research provides little guidance about how such conflicts are resolved in everyday life, i.e., outside the context of the laboratory
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Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" is related to but not exactly the same as the Confucian idea of "love with gradation."
Confucian "Love with Gradation"
Confucianism does emphasize stronger love for one's own family. For example, Confucius believed that filial piety is the foundation of benevolence, and one should show deep respect and care for parents and relatives first . This is because family is the most basic social unit, and such love is based on natural kinship and human nature. However, it doesn't mean that love for others is thin. Confucianism advocates gradually extending love outward based on family affection. As Mencius said, "Treat with respect the elders in your own family, so that the elders in the families of others shall be similarly treated; treat with tenderness the young in your own family, so that the young in the families of others shall be similarly treated". This shows that after fulfilling family responsibilities, one should also care about others with love and respect, gradually expanding the scope of love.
Extension of Love in Confucianism
The extension of love in Confucianism is manifested in different levels. Firstly, it starts from "filial piety and fraternal love," which is the most basic and natural manifestation of love within the family, laying the foundation for the cultivation of benevolence. Secondly, it extends to "loving the people," that is, showing concern and care for others outside the family, such as neighbors, friends, and strangers, and practicing benevolence in social interactions. Finally, it reaches "loving all things," extending love to nature and all things in the world, reflecting a broad sense of ecological care and harmonious coexistence. In general, the extension of love in Confucianism is a process from the near to the far, from the familiar to the unfamiliar, and from human society to nature, reflecting the Confucian ideal of an orderly and harmonious world. -
Our love for different people differs based on the closeness and degree of relationship. In daily life, for example, we may be more willing to sacrifice a lot for our family members, while for those who are less close to us, our sacrifice may be relatively less. Confucius believed this to be very natural, as people's emotions and energy are limited. Of course, this doesn't mean we should be indifferent to those who are farther away from us in relationship; rather, within our limited capacity, we should try our best to care for those around us, while also respecting and understanding this graded nature of love.
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Confucianism holds that individuals should first cultivate and practice love within the family and then apply the principles of this love to broader social relationships.The development of this love from the inner circle to the outer is conducive to establishing a harmonious and orderly society.In modern society,this idea can be understood as the starting point for both personal and social responsibility.
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Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" is related to but not exactly the same as the Confucian view of love. In his "differentiated mode of association," people's relationships form a network centered on themselves, and the degree of closeness and responsibility varies with the distance from oneself. This is in line with the characteristics of the traditional Chinese social structure and people's emotional orientation to a certain extent.
Confucianism does emphasize that love has differences in degree. It believes that love starts from family affection, such as "filial piety" and "fraternal love," which is the foundation and starting point of love. This does not mean that Confucians have less love for others, but rather that love is extended step by step based on blood relations. For example, Mencius proposed the practice process of "loving one's relatives, being kind to the people, and loving all things," which shows that Confucian love gradually extends from family members to society and then to all things in the world. This kind of love extension reflects the Confucian value orientation of cultivating personal morality and then influencing society, aiming to achieve social harmony and the unity of man and nature.
In general, Confucian love is hierarchical and extensible, starting from the family and radiating to the whole world, reflecting both the importance of family ethics and social responsibility.
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Yes. In Confuciou's opinions，the start of the love is in the family and expand to the society. And the love in Confucialism is not absolutely equal.It has calasses.The expansion of Confucian love takes "filial piety" as the core, that is, starting from the family's internal affection and gradually expanding outwards.
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Not really. Confucian love is to give oneself to others. "Differentiated love" recognizes that the starting point for love is closeness based on family relationships, but this is the natural basis of love.
Confucianism advocates starting from the love of the family and extending this love outward, such as "caring for the old and the old, the young and the young", and expanding the love for the family to the care for others and the society through the way of "loyalty and forgiveness".
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Love in Confucian thought starts from blood relationships. This kind of love is based on natural blood ties and has a deep foundation and strong emotional bonds. Confucianism believes that love for one's parents is the most natural kind of love, therefore "filial piety is the first of the hundred virtues." It then extends to love for one's neighbors and community.
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