I don't think so. The differentiated benevolence does not mean that the degree of love toward different people is different but that we should love different people in differentiated ways, which is consistent with the law of appropriateness of Li. And it's our nature to be more intimate with people around us while it does not mean we bear no love for people we are not familiar with.
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A discussion on "differentiated benevolence"
•Does professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" suggest that Confucians claim a stronger love toward one’s own family, while the love grows thinner to others? How do you understand the extension of love in Confucianism?
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Fei Xiaotong's "differentiated love" doesn't mean that Confucians' love is simply stronger for family and thinner for others. In Confucianism, love starts from the family as a natural origin. For example, one first loves their parents and siblings. But this is just the starting point. The extension of love in Confucianism is like concentric circles. From family, it extends to relatives, neighbors, and then the whole society. The idea is to cultivate love within the family and gradually expand it outward, promoting harmonious relationships at different levels in society. It is a process of gradually spreading and deepening love rather than a simple weakening of love towards the outside.
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Fei Xiaotong's concept of"differentiated love"indeed suggests that Confucians believe love for one's family is stronger,while love for others becomes weaker as it extends outward.In Confucianism,benevolence begins with the family and then extends outward in an orderly fashion,not arbitrarily.Benevolence is first manifested in the love for parents and family members,then extends to love for others and society.This extension of love is structured and sequential,reflecting the Confucian emphasis on the importance of different relationships in society.In short,Confucianism posits that love should start with the family and then extend to society and the world in an orderly manner.
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Yes, that's correct. The concept of "爱有差等" in Confucian thought means love is differentiated, with a stronger affection and responsibility towards one's family compared to others. This love extends outward from the family to the broader society, but it starts with a deeper commitment to relatives.
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In Confucianism, "benevolence" is a core concept that involves love and care for others. Differentiated kindness can be understood as the form and degree of kindness that will be manifested differently in different relationships and situations.
• Hierarchy of benevolence: Confucianism believes that benevolence should start with those close to you and gradually expand into broader social relationships. This means that love and care for family is essential, then friends, neighbors, and eventually extended to love for all. This expansion of benevolence from the inside out embodies the idea of differentiated benevolence.
• Benevolence and Social Order: In Confucian culture, benevolence is not only a manifestation of personal morality, but also an important factor in maintaining social order and harmony. By practicing differentiated kindness in different social relationships, social stability and harmony can be promoted.
• Charity and Ethical Behavior: Charity is seen as the basis and goal of ethical behavior. In Confucianism, benevolence is the highest moral principle, which requires people to behave in a way that reflects love and concern for others. This kind of love and care manifests itself differently in different relationships and situations, resulting in differentiated kindness.
• Benevolence and political governance: In the political sphere, benevolence is expressed in benevolence, that is, the ruler should govern the country with benevolence and care for the well-being of the people. This practice of benevolence requires rulers to show care and respect for different groups in policy formulation and implementation, and reflects the application of differentiated benevolence in political governance.
In summary, differentiated benevolence has a profound connotation in Chinese culture and Confucianism, which involves multiple levels such as personal morality, social relations, moral behavior, and political governance. By practicing differentiated kindness in different relationships and situations, it is possible to promote personal growth, social harmony, and political justice.
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The extension of love in Confucianism is not a dilution but a structured expansion. It begins with the love for one's parents and family, which is considered the most natural and essential form of love. This love then extends to the community, the nation, and ultimately to all of humanity. The Confucian concept of "ren" , or benevolence, is the highest moral value and is fundamentally about loving others. It suggests that one should start by showing filial piety to one's parents and respect to one's elder brothers, and then extend love and care to other family members, and eventually to everyone else in the world.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" aligns with Confucianism in suggesting that love is strongest towards one's family and extends outward, but not necessarily weaker. In Confucianism, the extension of love is about fulfilling moral obligations in a hierarchical manner, starting with the family and gradually including others, without a decrease in the intensity of love.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's "differentiated love" doesn't simply mean love is thinner for others. In Confucianism, love indeed starts from the family as a foundation with a sense of kinship love being emphasized first. However, it doesn't stop there. The concept advocates an extension of love from the family to relatives, neighbors, and then gradually to society at large. It's like concentric circles, with the core being family love, and then continuously spreading outwards. The ultimate aim is to achieve a harmonious society where love and care permeate all levels through this orderly extension of affection.
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Regarding this question, Fei Xiaotong put forward such a view in the book: In the pattern of difference sequence, social relations expand outwards layer by layer with the individual as the center, forming a network of relations. In this network of relations, the distance between the individual and the center point determines the strength and nature of the relationship. For example, one is closer to family members than to neighbors, and more trusting of friends than of strangers. Confucian "graded love" is based on human natural emotions and the hierarchical order of human relations. It emphasizes establishing a harmonious and friendly relationship of mutual understanding and empathy among people through "extending from oneself to others". This kind of love is not selfish. Instead, it starts from the love for relatives, gradually extends to the love for others, and finally extends to the love for all things in the world. Therefore, Fei Xiaotong's "differentiated love" does not imply that Confucianism advocates strong self - love and weak love for others, but reflects a hierarchical concept of love in Confucianism based on the hierarchical order of human relations. This concept still has important significance in modern society and needs creative interpretation and innovative development.
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Yes,Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of"differentiated love"does suggest that Confucians claim a stronger love toward one’s own family,with love becoming more differentiated and potentially thinner as it extends to others outside the immediate family。In Confucianism,the extension of love is understood as a series of concentric circles expanding from the self,with the closest relationships being the most significant and each subsequent circle representing a more distant relationship。This concept is rooted in the Confucian emphasis on familial and social hierarchy,where love and duty are graded according to the proximity and importance of the relationship.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differential order pattern" is in line with the Confucian idea of "differential order of love", emphasizing the importance of family ethics in social relations. Confucian love is not simply a decrease of "from near to far, from close to distant", but through the practice of family ethics, cultivate personal benevolence, and then extend to care for others and society. This expansion of love embodies the Confucian idea of "benevolence", that is, through personal cultivation and practice, to achieve care and contribution to others and society.
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It should be learned to love oneself, family, and then others, and this love is a process of gradually widening, not gradually diminishing.
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This view is a misunderstanding of Confucianism's "love".
The love advocated by Confucianism is based on the equivariant sequence of "kissing relatives and benevolent to the people, benevolent to the people and love things". This is not to love your own family but not to love others, but to love with a starting point. Starting from the natural affection for family, this is the emotional foundation based on blood relationship. Then expand this kind of love to the outer layer, pushing oneself and others, from loving the family to loving others, loving society and even loving everything.
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From my perspective, this approach to love is pragmatic and recognizes the natural human tendency to have stronger bonds with those closest to us. It also acknowledges the practical limitations of extending the same level of care and concern to everyone in a vast social network. Confucian graded love promotes social harmony by encouraging individuals to fulfill their moral obligations within their immediate circles, which in turn contributes to a stable and orderly society.
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The concept of "differentiated love" proposed by Professor Fei Xiaotong, though rooted in Confucian thought, does not simply categorize love as being distinctively more intense within the family than outside. Confucian love starts with familial affection but does not end there; it advocates a philosophy of love that extends progressively from the near to the far. This love encompasses not only immediate blood relatives but also extends to society, the country, and even all creatures in the universe. Therefore, "differentiated love" should not be misunderstood as Confucianism advocating a deeper love for one's family while showing a lesser love for others.
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In Confucian thought, “love with distinction” doesn't mean that the love for one's own family is stronger while the love for others is thinner. Confucianism emphasizes benevolence and love. Loving one's family is the starting point, but it also encourages people to extend this love to others, such as friends, neighbors, and even strangers, through the cultivation of personal virtues and social ethics. This is a process of gradually expanding love, aiming to achieve harmony in society.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" indeed highlights a key aspect of Confucian thought regarding the nature of love and relationships. This concept suggests that love is not uniformly distributed among all people but is instead prioritized based on relational closeness. In this framework, Confucians often advocate for a stronger love and obligation toward one's own family, particularly toward parents, siblings, and children, while the love and obligations toward others—such as friends or strangers—are considered less intense.
▎Understanding Differentiated Love in Confucianism
1. Family as the Foundation: In Confucianism, the family is seen as the fundamental unit of society. The relationships within the family are considered primary, and duties toward family members are emphasized. This includes filial piety (xiao), which is a central virtue in Confucian ethics, highlighting the importance of respect and care for one's parents and ancestors. This prioritization reflects the belief that strong familial bonds create a stable society.
2. Extension of Love: While Confucianism emphasizes differentiated love, it also promotes the idea of extending love beyond the family unit. The concept of "ren" (仁), often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness," encourages individuals to cultivate compassion and care for others. However, this extension is typically seen as growing from the foundation of familial love. The idea is that by nurturing virtuous relationships within the family, individuals can develop the capacity to extend that love outward to the community and society at large.
3. Social Harmony: The differentiated love in Confucian thought is also tied to the notion of social harmony. By prioritizing family relationships, Confucians believe that individuals can contribute to a more harmonious society. The cultivation of virtues within the family is seen as essential for fostering moral citizens who can then engage positively with others in broader social contexts.
4. Moral Education: Confucianism places great importance on moral education and self-cultivation. Through learning and practicing virtues like loyalty, respect, and empathy within the family, individuals are encouraged to develop their moral character, which can then influence their interactions with others outside the family.
▎Conclusion
In summary, Fei Xiaotong's concept of differentiated love aligns with Confucian ideals by emphasizing a hierarchy of affection that starts with familial bonds and extends outward. While this notion might imply a limitation on the scope of love for those outside one's immediate family, it also underscores the importance of building a moral foundation within familial relationships as a prerequisite for extending benevolence to others. Ultimately, Confucianism advocates for a balance between personal loyalty to family and a broader commitment to social harmony through virtuous conduct toward all members of society.
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1. Misconception of "Differentiated Love"
- Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" in Confucianism is not about a stronger love for one's own family and a thinner love for others in a negative sense. Confucianism emphasizes that love starts from the self and one's family, but this is a natural and ethical starting point.
2. The Extension of Love in Confucianism
- Family - Centered Foundation: Confucian love begins with filial piety and fraternal love. Filial piety towards parents and respect and love among siblings are the roots. For example, taking good care of one's parents in their old age and showing respect to elders in the family is the basic manifestation of love.
- Expansion to Society: From the family, love then extends to neighbors and the broader society. The concept of "Ren" (benevolence) encourages people to have a heart of compassion and care for others. For instance, in a community, one should help those in need and show kindness to others, just like the principle of "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you."
- Ideal Social Harmony: The ultimate goal of the extension of love is to achieve social harmony. By treating others with love and respect, a just and harmonious social order can be established. Confucianism hopes that through the spread of love and moral concepts, everyone can play their part in society and jointly create a prosperous and stable social environment. In this process, the love that starts from the family becomes the driving force for building a more beautiful social relationship and values.
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Professor Fei Xiaotong's concept of "differentiated love" does suggest that Confucianism emphasizes a stronger love toward one's own family, which gradually extends outward to others. This reflects the Confucian belief in hierarchical relationships, where filial piety and loyalty to family form the foundation of moral conduct. However, Confucians also advocate extending this love progressively to society and humanity, through roles such as being a good citizen and leader. The extension of love in Confucianism thus does not diminish in value but transforms into a broader, more universal sense of responsibility and care, rooted in the principles of benevolence (仁).
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Professor Fei Xiaotongs concept of the differentiated loveindeed reflects the hierarchical understanding of love in Confucian thought.In Confucian culture,love is not dispensed equally to all but begins with the individuals family and gradually extends outward.This love starts with the closest family members and then expands to relatives,friends,the community,and eventually to the nation and the world.The expansion of this love does not imply that love for those outside the family is less important or diminishes;rather,it emphasizes the starting point and foundation of love.Confucianism holds that individuals should first cultivate and practice love within the family and then apply the principles of this love to broader social relationships.The development of this love from the inner circle to the outer is conducive to establishing a harmonious and orderly society.In modern society,this idea can be understood as the starting point for both personal and social responsibility.
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Fei Xiaotong's "differentiated love" suggests that Confucianism prioritizes stronger love for one's family, with diminishing intensity towards others. However, Confucianism also promotes universal benevolence (ren), encouraging kindness and respect for all, thus balancing familial loyalty with broader social harmony
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