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  王雪 • 2020-10-16

  50‘-2’50

  五经包括《诗经》《尚书》《易经》《礼记》《春秋》。这些书孔子很遵从，秦朝时期这些书被烧毁，儒学者们被活埋。后来相关的刻字文字在孔子居住的遗址的墙上被发现。这部古籍的鉴定很难证明。 有人认为，其中的一部分可能是后来的儒家为了写一部符合儒家理想的道德政治理论的历史而编造的。为什么历史学家不同意呢？书中的历史反映了历史学家选择相信的。除了后期的几章以外，这些章节都是作为国王或其他重要人物正式演讲的记录。大多数演讲都是由标题所指示的五种类型之一。第一种，謨。第二种，訓。第三种：命。第四种：誓。第五种，誥。首先：謨中有两章，大禹謨和皋陶謨。这些謨是国王和大臣们就国内外重要问题进行的磋商。

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    张婷 老师 • 2020-10-17

    这个作业要求选取视频一个片段进行翻译哦

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    王雪 • 2020-10-19

    回复 13637856929:商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为，周只有七万左右的人口,所以就认为商朝是正统。更重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了。他们想到自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系，因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天，于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意来自于民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。他们强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生。同时,周因为联合各个小国一起攻打商国，所以要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思、反求诸己的一种伦理态度。现在有些国家，出了事情就怪别人。打下了天下要治理，还要建立文明，西周是怎么做到的？一，改变这个世界的伦理观。二，改变政治结构。考古发现商王朝有很多的族徽，说明商王朝有很多的姓氏家族，每个姓氏都有自己的族徽。姓氏是商王朝的一种统治方式，强调血缘与宗族的统治结构，而不是地域的统治结构。周人不能再以姓氏为基础，否则你就是商超的附属姓氏。 The Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population of one million, while archaeology suggests that the Zhou had a population of only about 70,000. Therefore, the Shang dynasty is regarded as orthodox. More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see the great merchants losing to them. They thought that their own country might also perish, so they studied for lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his mandate of heaven will perish. Mr. Xu Zhuoyun said, Zhou people worshipped "sky", while Shang worshipped various clan gods, which might be related to geographical conditions. The People of Zhou lived on the loess plateau in the west. Every time they looked up, there was sky, complete days, so they worshipped the sky. Thus Zhou legitimized the mandate of Heaven to the loser, thus inheriting it from the loser. They also believed that the will of Heaven came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to the lives of the people. They emphasizing that heaven and man should be sympathetic, and heaven should take care of the people. At the same time, Zhou allied with the small states to attack the Shang, so he wanted to pacify them. As a result, zhou developed a style of paying attention to harmony. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of the Chinese people, which was diligent in reflection and self-seeking. Now in some countries, when something goes wrong, it's someone else's fault. How did the Western Zhou Dynasty achieve this goal? Firstly, change the ethics of the world. Secondly, change the political structure. Archaeology found that there were many clan emblem in Shang Dynasty, which showed that there were many surname families in Shang Dynasty, and each surname had its own clan emblem. Surname is a kind of ruling mode of Shang Dynasty, which emphasizes the ruling structure of blood relationship and clan rather than regional one. Zhou people can no longer be based on surnames, otherwise you will be a subordinate surname of Shang Dynasty.

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  15班幸艳妮 • 2020-10-16

  原文：上一讲我们讲到：周国一举攻克了大国殷商。但是攻克下来之后，他们并没有沾沾自喜。一方面仍然遵从商，说自己是继承了商，继承了商的宗教法典和文化；另一方面他开始稳定人心。那么问题来了：周和他的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？许卓昀在这本书里说道：当时已经形成了中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。因为周之前的影响不如商；商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然输给了自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡。于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己，他们总结的结果是：谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许说：周人崇拜天，而商崇拜各种宗族神。这可能和地理条件有关系，因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天、完整的天，所以他们崇拜天，于是周把天命正统归于失败者。这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。这与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威。而是强调天人感应。天要照顾苍生，政府要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联合各个小国，一起攻打商，所以他要安抚这些小国。于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格，所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思、反求诸己的伦理态度。

  译文：In the last lecture, we learned that Zhou Dynasty conquered the great Shang Dynasty at one stroke. But they did not preen themselves on it. On the one hand, Zhou still obeyed Shang, declaring that he inherited Shang‘s religious code and culture. On the other hand, Zhou began to reassure the people. And then the question arises: Why do Zhou and his allies consider Shang to be orthodoxy when their territories surpass that of the Shang? “The Circle of Chinese civilization had already formed, and the wars between these countries were not ethnic wars, but competing for legitimacy,”Xu Zhuoyun says in this book. Because Zhou is not so influential as Shang. Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population hitting one million, while the archaeological materials suggest that the Zhou had only a population of about 70,000. That is why he considered  Shang as the orthodoxy. More importantly, Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see the great Shane losing to them, and that they also might perish. Hence they made up their mind to find out lessons to warn themselves and then conclude whoever loses the mandate of  heaven will perish. Xu said” the People of Zhou Dynasty worship heaven, while those of Shang Dynasty worship various clan gods. ”This may have something to do with geographical conditions, because the People of Zhou lived on the Loess Plateau in the west, and they could see the heaven every time they look up. Therefore, Zhou attributed the the Mandate of Heaven to the loser. Thus in so doing, they inherited the Mandate of Heaven from the loser. In addition, they reckon that the will of heaven actually comes from the will if people. So they began to attach great significance to people's lives. However, this is different from the divine right of Kings in the West, which means adorning themselves with borrowed plumes. It's about nature and man. Heaven should take care of the people , and the government should attend to the people on behalf of Heaven. At the same time, Zhou Dynasty tried to pacify these small states by uniting them to attack shang. As a result, a harmonious fashion formed. That is why the Zhou Dynasty created the ethical attitude of the Chinese people, diligent in reflection and seek cause in themselves.

   

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  九州 • 2020-10-17

  （找错视频，已和老师沟通，此楼作知识延展，再次谢谢老师）

  周，是历史上岁数最长的朝代。国祚825年，又分西周和东周，那这好好的西周咋就变成东周了呢？就只是烽火戏诸侯闹的吗？这事咱还得从头说起……

  这西周一共有12个王轮番上岗，武王挂了成王上，成王挂了康王来，这仨人整的挺好，大家日子呢也都过得不错，出现了“成康之治”，是西周的高光时刻。

  可从康王的儿子昭王开始，西周就有点能动手别吵吵那味了。怎么回事呢？因为昭王也想像父辈那样铮光瓦亮，所以整天想着去南边搞开发。这年轻人说干就干，于是就嘎嘎嘎跑到湖北大干一场，却把自己干死了，啊哦～

  接下来他的儿子穆王有两大特点，一、好战，把什么犬戎、昆仑、徐国打了个遍；二、旅游，酷爱出去看世界，座驾就是著名的“穆王八骏”。这一边大战一边还高消费，很快就把国库造了个精光，没钱哪行啊？于是穆王就可劲搜刮老百姓来充盈国库。

  正所谓父债子还，穆王消耗了大量国力，等到儿子共王时，为了犒劳功臣只能将都城附近的土地分封出去，导致周的王权开始流失。趁你病自然有人要你命。外围的人，什么戎啊狄啊的就没消停过，时不时招惹下中原，甚至还把共王的儿子懿王打得搬到了犬丘。

  外敌入侵，那周就得考诸侯们防御，所以从前各位诸侯相见周天子，还得预约拖关系，到了夷王时期他还得亲自下去请诸侯帮忙，这日子混得哟，啧啧啧……

  混成这样，自然有人不服气，想要重振祖先雄风。夷王的儿子周厉王很厉害，那武力直吓得诸侯王们瑟瑟发抖呀。其中楚王最夸张，直接吓得放弃王位，以表人畜无害。可这厉王祖宗好几代一直在打仗，国家哪经得起这么折腾呢？可厉王不管，只要自己够用就行。这树啊水啊只有自己能用，老百姓当时就不干了，反！

  厉王死后，儿子宣王雄心勃勃，想要扳回局面，一开始的确不错，重用人才啥的，搞得大家都以为周朝要王者归来了，结果只是昙花一现。因为呀他老了之后耳根子极硬，听不进去好赖话。我不听我不听我不听……晚年还一直南征北战，结果老吃败仗，又只能去民间搜刮。

  所以，其实幽王一上岗，这周王室已经摇摇欲坠了。加上这周王也是个逗逼情种，跟他说什么王权富贵都没用，他只想跟褒姒永相随。为了讨好褒姒，除了著名的烽火戏诸侯还违背了周朝礼法把原来的王后和太子都废了，把褒姒母子双双扶正。这下惹毛了王后的爹“国丈申侯”于是他联合外敌，把周王杀死在骊山，然后就立太子姬宜臼为平王。而此时的京都镐京已经被连年战争折腾得不像个城，那就一路向东迁都雒邑，也就是如今的河南洛阳。

  就这样，东周开始了。

   

  Zhou was the longest dynasty which lasted 825 years in history and it was divided into Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. But why did the Western Zhou become the Eastern Zhou? Was it just because the “War Signal Drama”? Not exactly. We have to start from the beginning... 

  There were 12 kings taking turns in Western Zhou. First, King Wu became king, then King Cheng and King Kang took turns.The country was so well organized by those three people, and everyone has a so good life that the “Great Reigns of Kings Cheng and Kang” appeared which was the highlight of Western Zhou. 

  But starting from King Kang's son, King Zhao, the Western Zhou began to go downhill. What's the matter? Because Zhao Wang wanted to be as great as his father's generation, so he went to the south for development. This young man no sooner did than he said, then he went to Hubei to do a big job, but unluckily he lost his life, ah oh ~ 

  Next, his son King  Mu had two main characteristics. First, he was warlike: he attacked many areas, such as Quan Rong, Kunlun and Xu state; second, He enjoyed travel: He usually went around by the famous "Four horses of King Mu ". With wars and high travel consumption, the national treasury is quickly wiped out. What can we do without money? So King  Wang decided to exploit the people to fill the national treasury.

  As the saying goes, “a father's debts could paid by his son”.  King Mu consumed a lot of national treasury. When his son King Gong acceded to the throne, he had to seal off the land near the capital in order to reward his heroes, which caused Zhou's royal power to begin to drain. There’s always someone is eager to kill you when you are sick. The people on the frontier, such as Rong and Di, had never stopped to attack the Central Plains from time to time, and even beat the king's son King Yi to Quanqiu. 

  When foreign enemies invaded, the King had to ask the feudal lords for help. Therefore, in the past, when the feudal lords wanted to met the King of Zhou, they had to make an appointment, while in the day of King Yi, the King of Zhou, he had to go to those vessel states and ask for help. Compare those two periods. How interesting……

  Naturally, some people are not convinced and want to rejuvenate their ancestors. King Yi's son, King Li of Zhou, was very powerful, and the power of force made the feudal lords tremble. Among them, the reaction of the Lord of Chu was the most exaggerated: he was so scared that he gave up the throne immediately to show his harmlessness. However, the ancestor of King Li had fought for several generations, how can the country withstand such a toss? But King Li didn't care, as long as he had enough resources. He commanded that tree and water can only be used by himself. So all the  people felt furious, then they decided to overthrow King Li! 

   After the death of King Li, his son, King Xuan, was very ambitious and wanted to win a round. He was really good at the beginning. He put talents in a very important position and everyone thought that the real King of Zhou was returned. Unluckily,it was just short-lived, because when he got old, he hate to be suggested by people bad or good. “I don't listen, I don't listen, I don't listen...” In his later years, he continued to fight in the north and south, but he was always defeated, so he had to exploit the people drastically.

  Therefore, as King You took turns, the royal family was already faltering actually. In addition, the King You was very passionate. It was useless to tell him anything about the power and wealth because he just wanted to accompany Bao Si forever. In order to please Bao Si, in addition to the famous “War Signal Drama”, he also violated the Rituals of Zhou: he abolished the original queen and prince, and made Bao Si  and her son the queen and prince. This really upset the former queen's father, the Lord of Shen, "Father-in-law of the King”, so he collude with foreign enemies and after killing King You on Lishan, made the former Prince Ji Yijiu the King Ping. At this time, the original capital of Zhou, Ho Kyung had been tossed like an abandoned city by years of war. So King Ping moved his capital to the east, Luoyi, which is now Luoyang, Henan. 

  In this way, the Eastern Zhou began.

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  5班唐瑞 • 2020-10-17

  原文 4：26-6：26

  译文:

  There is a concept of feudalism in eastern and western countries, whereas whose history-producing process and substance vary greatly. The feudalism of western countries began to form feudal palaces on after another which can sustain themselves after the collapse of the union of Roman Empire, while Chinese feudalism resulted from the construction of stable and peaceful orders but not the collapse. They sent out clansman to supervise different places and integrate them so as to build up the feudalism, which was a three-integrated regime hierarchy of Zhou, Yin and Shang’s old aristocracy, and the native people. Their cultures merged together and gave rise to the multi-dimensional Chinese culture. And I noticed that Mr. Xu used the term three integration, which can be inferred that he has a good understanding of communism politics. Because decades ago, we emphasized the democratization of enterprises, and needed the three mixture of leaders, scholars, technology staffs and labors. Mr. Xu said that the feudalism of Zhou Dynasty was quite stable, and there hadn’t been any country that had been overthrown due to its instability. In the middle areas, it was the reorganization of the same cultural circle but the conquest among different nations. However, some western scholars argued that Zhou Royal Family belonged to *i, and conquered Chinese, which can’t be proved according to Mr. Xu’s statements. This kind of recombination of Zhou Dynasty inherited the reign featuring the past’s family name and clansman and triggered the new geographical features. That was nations. Briefly, the Chinese culture combining geography and culture came into being, which was utilized to compare with other cultures world around. For example, the long-lasting Jewish cultures characterized a quality of self-persistence, and the Christianity and Hui ones embodied tolerances greatly. That means Christianity and Hui can attract scores of people and Mr. Xu believe that Chinese cultures share both the two features.

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  2018级5班陈小丹 • 2020-10-17

  00:25-2:30

  • 周国一举攻克了大国殷商，但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜。一方面，他们仍然遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化；另一方面，他们开始想办法安定人心。The State of Zhou successfully conquered the Great State of Yin, but the People of Zhou were not complacent about their conquest. On the one hand, they still followed the Orthodoxy of the Shang Dynasty, saying that they inherited the Shang rather than annihilating it, for they inherited its religious codes and culture; On the other hand, they began to seek for ways to reassure the public.

   

  • 那么问题来了，周和它的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？许倬云在这本书里说道，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统，因为周之前的影响不如商。商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他们认为商朝是正统。更重要的是商王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己——他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡，就想要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。Then the question is, the territory of Zhou and its allies had already surpassed that of Shang, so why did they still think that Shang is orthodoxy? Xu Zhuoyun says in the book that a Circle of Chinese Civilization had formed at that time, that the wars among these countries were not ethnic wars, but rather competitions for orthodoxy, because the influence of Zhou was inferior to that of Shang before that. The Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population of one million, while the archaeological survey suggests that the Zhou had only a population of about 70,000, so they considered the Shang Dynasty as orthodox. More importantly, the Shang Dynasty began to reflect, for they saw that the great Shang Dynasty lost to themselves –––they surprised themselves, and thought that they too might perish, and wanted to do some research and find out the lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his mandate of heaven will perish.

   

  • 许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头就是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样，自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这与西方的君权神授有区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，政府则要代表天来照顾苍生。同时,周因为联合各个小国一起攻打商国，所以要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思、反求诸己的一种伦理态度。
  • Xu Zhuoyun said that Zhou worshipped "heaven", while Shang worshipped various clan gods, which might be related to geographical conditions. Since the Zhou people lived on the loess Plateau in the west, they worshipped the sky –––the complete sky, when they raised their head. Therefore, Zhou attributed the mandate of Heaven to the loser, from whom they took away this mandate of Heaven. They also believed that providence actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach more importance to people's lives, which was different from the divine right of Kings in the West. It was not the divine right of Kings in the West to bullied people by flaunting his powerful connections. Instead, it emphasized that heaven should take care of the people, and the government should take care of the people on behalf of heaven. At the same time, Zhou allied with the small states to attack the Shang state, so they wanted to pacify them, thus forming a harmonious style. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of the Chinese people, which was diligent in self-reflection.

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  10班_罗净萍 • 2020-10-17

  00:22——02:22

  In the last lecture, we learned that Zhou conquered the great power Shang at one stroke. But they Zhou were not gloating over it. On the one hand, Zhou still recognized Shang as the dynasty legitimism, declaring that Zhou succeeded Shang instead of extinguishing it. And Zhou inherited the religious code and culture of Shang. On the other hand, Zhou began to seek for ways to stabilize hearts. Then the question arises: Why would Zhou and his allies consider Shang as the dynasty legitimism when their territory had surpassed that of the Shang? At that time, since the circle of Chinese civilization had already formed, these countries did not fight for their race, but for legitimacy, Xu Zhuoyun says in the book. Because Zhou was less influential than Shang——Shang was a cultural center with a population of nearly one million, while Zhou had a population of only about 70,000 according to archaeological research——he had to recognize Shang as the legitimism. More importantly, Zhou reflected that it might demise, for they were shocked to see the great power Shang defeated. Then Zhou began to study the defeat of Shang and tried to find out the lessons to warn itself. They concluded that whoever lost the mandate of heaven, he would demise. Xu said: people in Zhou Dynasty worshipped heaven, while people of Shang Dynasty worshipped various clan gods. This may had something to do with geography. The people of Zhou, living on the Loess Plateau in the west, saw the sky every time they raised their head, so they worshipped heaven. Therefore, Zhou attributed the defeat of Shang to the loss of mandate of Heaven, and Zhou just inherited the mandate of Heaven from the loser——Shang. Besides, they also thought that the mandate of heaven actually came from the will of people, so they began to attach importance to people's lives. This is different from the concepts of divine right of Kings in the western culture. Unlike strutting in borrowed plumes from God in the West, the mandate of heaven emphasized heaven-human induction. The heaven should take care of the living and the government should take care of the living on behalf of heaven. At the same time, since Zhou united the small states to attack Shang, it needed to pacify these small states. As a result, a harmonious style was formed, and Zhou created an ethical attitude of diligent reflection and self-seeking in China.

   

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  2018级5班廖月 • 2020-10-18

  原文：

  那么问题来了，周和它的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？许倬云在这本书里说道，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统，因为周之前的影响不如商。商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他们认为商朝是正统。更重要的是商王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己——他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡，就想要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头就是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样，自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这与西方的君权神授有区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，政府则要代表天来照顾苍生。同时,周因为联合各个小国一起攻打商国，所以要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思、反求诸己的一种伦理态度。不像现在有些国家，一出了事情，一概怪别人。那七十多年前中国共产党的军队，从西边的延安东出，击败了国民党，解放了全中国。mao主席说：我们不但善于打破旧世界，还要建立新世界。那么打下了天下还要治理，还要建立文明。西周是怎么做的？一个是刚刚说的，改变了这个世界的伦理态度，另一个是改变政治结构。

  译文：

  Then the question is, Zhou and its allies have surpassed the Shang country, so why think that business is orthodox? Xu said in the book that a circle of Chinese civilization had been formed. The war between these countries was not a race war, but a struggle for orthodoxy, because the influence of Zhou was inferior to that of Shang before that.  Shang is a cultural center with a population of millions, while archaeology thinks Zhou has only about 70,000 people, so they think the Shang Dynasty is orthodox. More importantly, the Shang Dynasty began to reflect, because they saw that the big businessmen would lose to themselves —— they were shocked, so they thought they might perish, and wanted to study and find out the lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his destiny will perish. Xu said that the Zhou people worshipped "heaven ", while Shang worshipped various clan gods, which may be related to geographical conditions. Because Zhou people live on the Loess Plateau in the west, they worship the sky. So Zhou attributed the orthodoxy of fate to the loser, so that he inherited the fate from the loser. They also think that providence actually comes from public opinion, so they begin to attach importance to the life of the people, which is different from the western monarchy. It is not the kind of western people who take advantage of the gods, but emphasizes the sense of heaven and man. The government should take care of life on behalf of heaven. At the same time, Zhou joined the small countries to attack the Shang country, so to appease these small countries, so formed a harmonious style. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude that Chinese people are diligent in reflection and seek for themselves. Unlike some countries now, blame others for everything. More than 70 years ago, the army of the Communist Party of China came out from Yan'an in the west, defeated the Kuomintang and liberated the whole of China. Chairman Mao said: we are not only good at breaking the old world, but also building a new world. Then lay down the world to govern, but also to establish civilization. What did the Western Zhou Dynasty do? One is just said to change the ethical attitude of the world, the other is to change the political structure.

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  5班赵明星 • 2020-10-18

           In this book, Xu zhuoyun said: at that time, a circle of Chinese civilization had been formed. The war between these countries was not a race war, but a struggle for orthodoxy. The influence of Zhou Dynasty was inferior to that of Shang Dynasty, and Shang was the cultural center with a population of one million, while the archaeologists found that Zhou had only about 70000 people. So he think that the Shang Dynasty was orthodox. What's more, Zhou began to reflect their situation. Because they were shocked that this powerful Shang Dynasty got defeated, and they were afraid that they might also be conquered. So they have to learn lessons from this to warn themselves. The warning is : whoever loses the destiny will fall. Xu zhuoyun said that Zhou worshipped heaven, while Shang worshipped various clan gods. This may have something to do with the geographical conditions. The people of Zhou lived on the Loess Plateau in the West. They looked up all over the sky and the sky was complete. So they worshipped heaven, and Zhou attributed the orthodox destiny of heaven to the loser. In this way, Zhou inherited the destiny from the loser. They also believe that the will of God actually comes from the will of the people , so they began to attach importance to people's lives. This is different from the Western monarchy and divine grant, unlike western countries’ taking advantage of God to guide people. It emphasizes the interaction between man and nature. Heaven should take care of the people, and the government should take care of the people on behalf of the heaven. At the same time, Zhou wanted to pacify the small countries because he united with them to attack the Shang states. As a result, they are in harmony. So the Zhou Dynasty formed an ethical attitude that Chinese people were inclined to self-examination and introspection. Unlike some countries would cast the blame on others when something goes wrong. About 70 years ago, the army of the Communist Party of China set off from Yan'an in the west to defeat the Kuomintang and liberate the whole country. Chairman Mao said: we are not only good at breaking down the old world, but also building a new world. If we are able to win the world, we need to govern the country and build up civilization. How did the Western Zhou Dynasty do? One is to change the ethical attitude of the world that we just talked about, and the other is to change the political structure. Archaeologists have found that there were many clan emblems in the Shang Dynasty, indicating that there were many surname families in the Shang Dynasty. Each surname has its own family emblem. It looks like the symbol of those feudal princes in England. Surname is a kind of ruling mode of Shang Dynasty, emphasizing the ruling structure of blood relationship and clan rather than the regional ruling structure. （许卓昀在这本书里说道：当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈......强调血缘、宗族的统治结构，而不是地域的统治。）

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  17班张济凡 • 2020-10-18

  那么上一讲我们讲到，周国一举攻克了大国殷商。但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜，一方面他们仍然遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化，另一方面他开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和他的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道：“当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统.”因为周之前的影响不如商。商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天，于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神，狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联合各个小国一起攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格，所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思、反求诸己的一种伦理态度，不像现在一些国家，一出了事情，一概怪别人。

  Last time we came to that Zhou conquered Shang at one stroke. But after that Zhou people didn’t hug themselves on .On one hand, they still obeyed that Shang was legitimate and they didn’t eliminate but inherit Shang with its culture and religious code; on the other hand, they tried to reassure the public. So the question comes: Why did they still regard Shang as legitimacy, since the territory of Zhou and allies had been larger than of Shang? In History of Western Zhou Xu Zhuoyun says that at that time, there had formed a circle of Chinese civilization. So the wars among these countries are not for race but for legitimacy. Zhou’s previous influence was not as great as Shang’s——Shang was the center of culture with millions of people while the population of Zhou was just about 70000——so Zhou considered that Shang was legitimate. More significantly, Zhou people began to reflect. They were amazed that they conquered Shang, a big country. So in order to prevent extinction, they drew lessons from Shang to warn themselves. What they concluded was that people who lose the mandate of heaven will perish. Xu Zhuoyun says that Shang adored patriarchal clan god while Zhou adored heaven, which may be related to geographical condition. Zhou lived on the loess plateau in the west, and people could easily watch the complete sky, so they adored heaven in the sky. Zhou claimed that the mandate of heaven had belong to the loser, thus Zhou inherited it from Shang. Zhou also considered that actually the mandate of heaven came from popular will, so Zhou attached importance to people’s lives, which differed from divine right of kings in the west. It didn’t bully people by flaunting powerful connections with God, but emphasized interaction between heaven and human, and the government must take care of everyone on behalf of heaven. At the same time, Zhou needed to conciliate some small countries, which helped Zhou attack Shang, as a result, there had formed a style that stressed harmony. The Western Zhou created an ethical attitude of Chinese people who are diligent in reflection and self-seeking. This attitude doesn’t belong to some countries, which always blame everyone else if something happens.

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  2018级英语学院17班陈凯坪 • 2020-10-18

  周和他的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？》...（有违禁词发不了）建立新秩序Since the territory of Zhou and its allied countries surpassed Shang, why does it still regard Shang as orthodoxy? Professor Xu explained in his works that a circle of Chinese culture has form at that time. Wars between countries aimed to claim the orthodoxy instead of genocide. As the impact of Zhou was as not good as Shang, and the number of population in culture center reached 100,000.  Archaeologists believe that Zhou regarded Shang as orthodoxy because it had only 70,000 citizens. More importantly, Zhou reflected the reason why Shang lost the battle with amazement. Zhou realized it wound fall one day so it decided to figure out the reasons and warned itself of the dangers. Finally, Zhou concluded that whoever lose the mandate of heaven will die. Professor Xu said Zhou worshiped the heaven but Shang the  gods of patriarchal clan. This can be demonstrated from geographic respect. Zhou people lived in western Loess High Slope so every time they looked up, only to find the full scope of sky. That’s why Zhou worshiped the sky and owed the orthodoxy to the loser. In this way could it succeeded the orthodoxy. It also looked high upon people’s will for Zhou believed that the orthodoxy originated from them. This is different from the Western’s divine rights to kings, which relies on God as a disguiser. It emphasized the interaction between man and nature. The heaven was responsible to people and the government was the representative of the heaven. Meanwhile, as Zhou united other countries to invade Shang, so it had to make appeasement. Thus, a virtue of being harmonious derived from it. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created an ethical attitude that Chinese people are diligent in reflecting and seeking self-examination. Unlike some countries now, when something goes wrong, everyone blames others. More than 70 years ago, the army of the Communist Party of China defeated the Kuomintang and liberated the whole of China from Yan'an in the West. Chairman Mao said that we are not only good at breaking the old world, but also building a new world.

   

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  Terabithian • 2020-10-18

  00:19-02:26

         大家好，今天我们继续来讲许倬云老师的《西周史》。那么上一讲我们讲到周国一举攻克了大国殷商，但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜，一方面，他们仍遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化，另一方面，他们开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和它的盟国底盘已经超越了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争，不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。因为周之前的影响不如商，商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为，周只有七万左右的人口，所以它要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是，周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到，自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找到经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商朝崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。而因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为，天意其实来自于民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联系各个小国同时攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人一种勤于反思，反求诸己的伦理态度，不像现在有些国家，一出了事情，一概怪别人。

         Hi everyone. Today we’ll continue to talk about History of the Western Zhou Dynasty by Xu Zhuoyun. Last time we mentioned that Zhou toppled the superpower Shang. But Zhou wasn’t complacent after the triumph. On one hand, they still regarded Shang as the orthodoxy, saying that they succeeded from Shang as well as inherited their religious classics and cultural traditions instead of eliminating Shang. On the other hand, they also started to make people reassured. However, why Zhou considered Shang as orthodoxy while the domain of Zhou and its allies has already exceeded that of Shang? Xu Zhuoyun said, in this book, that since a Chinese civilization circle has already formed, the war between the nations were not because of difference of ethnic, but because of the contending for orthodoxy. Zhou regarded Shang as orthodoxy because it was not as influential as Shang, which is the cultural centre with millions of population while Zhou has only a population of around 70 thousand. More importantly, Zhou started to reflect on it self as they were hugely shocked by the fact that Shang was defeated though it was powerful. It occurred to them that they may die out as well, thus prompted them to pore over the whole thing to learn valuable lessons. They drew the conclusion that those who lose the “Tian Ming”, the mandate from the heaven, will finally die out. Xu said that instead of worshiping gods of patriarchal clans like Shang did, Zhou worshiped the heaven, the reason for which may be geographical: since Zhou was founded on the Loess Plateau, they can see the whole sky simply when looking up. As a result, Zhou regarded the loser as the orthodoxy and thus they just inherited from them. They also believe that the mandate came from the wish of the people, so they started to pay attention to lives of people. This shows a sharp contrast with the divine rights of king in western world, which ended up making it possible for the king to rely on gods' power to bully or frighten the people. Zhou put emphasis on interaction between heaven and man, as embodied in the idea that the government should take care of the people for heaven. At the same time, Zhou sought harmony because they needed to comfort the small nations which helped to attack Shang. So we can see that from Western Zhou Dynasty we Chinese gradually develop the ethical attitude of reflecting on oneself, while some countries now are always passing the bucks when they are the one to blame.

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  5班蒋沛伶 • 2020-10-19

  因系统告知文字中有违禁内容，多次检查尝试之后没能找到自己答案里的违禁词是什么，因此将回答以图片形式po出，望谅解。

  

  

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  16班周灵 • 2020-10-19

  0：23—2：50

       那么上一讲我们讲到周国一举攻克了大国殷商，但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜，一方面，他们仍遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化，另一方面，他们开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和它的盟国底盘已经超越了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争，不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。因为周之前的影响不如商，商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为，周只有七万左右的人口，所以它要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是，周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到，自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找到经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商朝崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。而因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为，天意其实来自于民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联系各个小国同时攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人一种勤于反思，反求诸己的伦理态度，不像现在有些国家，一出了事情，一概怪别人。那七十多年前，中国共产党的军队，从西边的延安东出，击败了国民党，解放了全中国。主席说，我们不但善于打破旧世界，还要建立新世界。那么打下了天下还要治理，还要建立文明，西周时怎么做的？一个是刚刚说的，改变了这个世界的伦理态度；一个，是改变政治结构。

       In the last lecture, we said that Zhou conquered the great power Yin and Shang at one stroke. However, after it was conquered, the Zhou people were not complacent. On the one hand, they still followed the Shang Dynasty as orthodoxy, saying that they inherited the Shang Dynasty, rather than eliminating it. He inherited the religious code and culture of Shang. On the other hand, they began to find ways to stabilize people's minds. So the problem is, Zhou and his allies have surpassed the Shang countries in terms of chassis, so why should we think that Shang is the orthodoxy? In this book, Xu said that a circle of Chinese civilization had been formed at that time. The war between these countries was not a race war, but a struggle for orthodoxy. Because the influence before Zhou Dynasty was not as good as that of Shang Dynasty. Shang was the cultural center with a population of one million. According to archaeology, Zhou had only a population of about 70000, so it should consider the Shang Dynasty to be orthodox. What's more, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, because they were shocked to see that big businessmen would lose to themselves. They thought that they might also perish, so they had to study and find experience and lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever lost his destiny would perish. Xu said that Zhou people worshipped "heaven", while Shang Dynasty worshipped various clan gods, which may be related to geographical conditions. Because the people of Zhou lived on the Loess Plateau in the west, they looked up at the sky, the whole sky, so they worshipped heaven. So Zhou attributed the destiny to the loser, so he inherited the destiny from the loser. They also believe that the will of heaven comes from public opinion, so they begin to attach importance to people's lives. This is different from the Western monarchy and divine mandate. It is not the Western way that takes advantage of God's deception and power. Instead, it emphasizes the interaction between heaven and man. Heaven should take care of the common people, and your government should take care of the people on behalf of heaven. At the same time, Zhou wanted to pacify these small countries because he contacted all the small countries and attacked the Shang states at the same time, so he formed a harmonious style. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude that Chinese people are diligent in introspection and self-examination. Unlike some countries now, when something goes wrong, everyone blames others. More than 70 years ago, the army of the Communist Party of China went out from Yan'an in the west to defeat the Kuomintang and liberate the whole of China. Chairman Mao said that we are not only good at breaking the old world, but also building a new one. What did the Western Zhou Dynasty do in order to govern the country and build civilization? One is that the ethical attitude of the world has been changed just now; the other is to change the political structure.

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  11班陈彧 • 2020-10-19

   

  

  

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  16余璇 • 2020-10-19

  周朝时奴隶制度发展完善。

  国王、贵族和高官都拥有奴隶，强迫他们劳动为自己创造财富。但是这些奴隶的地位和名字却有所不同。

  居住在都城中的普通人被称为“国人”，意为自由人,而在农村生活的人则是“野人”。

  国王、贵族和奴隶主会以各种各样的名义剥削他们。

  周朝的农业大多数是在官府的指导下实行集约化生产。

  根据土地的肥沃程度定期进行重新分配。

  农民可以先耕种一块地，而休耕另一块。

  “休耕制”逐步发展， 慢慢取代了原来的抛荒制。

  根据《周礼》记载，井田制是最理想的土地制度。

  每一块耕地都被分成九块，形状尤如“井”字。

  八户人家为一个单位，集体耕作中间的公田，收获物归官府所有，其余部分归个人。

  这样，官府就可以把多余的粮食储存起来，以备荒年和收成欠佳时赈灾所用。

  耕种井田的八户农民实际是一个行政单位，他们要向官府交租，服劳役。

  西周时，锋利的青铜农具广泛应用于规模较大的垦殖和耕耘，开始实行耦耕, 即两人一起劳动。

  每块地上都由两个人扶一把犁耕作，每走一步都会留下一条一尺宽，六尺长的畎（田地中间的沟）。

  土地以亩为标准计量单位，即一步宽，一百步长。每个男子都可分到一块一百亩的地。

  沤治和施用绿肥，以火烧法防治病虫害，标志了田间管理的新水平。

  农作物品种增加，谷类、豆类和麻类等。

  除负责指导农业生产司稼外，周朝特别设场人，专管园圃，从事蔬菜、瓜果的生产。

  西周时手工业继续发展。

  比较重要的手工业都由王室和诸侯控制，众多的百工在司空的领导下负责管理各项手工业，其中最重要的仍然是青铜铸造业尤其是战车的制造。

  手工业者的社会地位极低，不得不居住在城市之隅，并且这种地位还要世代继承。

  商业已成为社会经济中不可缺少的部门。

  商贾的活动被限定在都城的“市”，又被官府牢牢控制。

  市场中设有“质人”管理商业活动。

  奴隶、牛马、兵器、珍异等物品的买卖主要是通过物物交换。

  百姓间的物物交换多为生活必需品。

  西周的主要货币仍然是贝，以朋为单位。

  还有金(铜），以锊为单位。这两种货币都源自商代。

  The slave system was well developed in the Zhou Dynasty.

  The king, vassals and high officials owned slaves of different status and under dif-ferent names and forced them to create great wealth for them.

  Commonpeopleliving in the capital were called “guo ren” ，also interpreted as freemen; peasants in rural communes were called “ye ren”，or “people in the fields”.

  Both guo ren and ye ren were exploited by the king, nobles or slave owners under various names.

  Agriculture in the Zhou Dynasty was very intensive and in many cases it was directed by the government.

  Farmland was periodically distributed on the basis of fertility.

  The peasant worked a piece of land distributed to him and let another piece lie fallow.

  The system of fallow was a progressive development and gradually replaced the method of slash and burn.

  The ideal field system of the Zhou period as described in the Rites of Zhou is the well field system.

  Every arable area was divided into nine squares in the shape of the character for “water well”.

  Eight families were supposed to cultivate one plot of land each with a common field in the middle. The crops from it were given to the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers.

  In this way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest.

  Eight families bound to this field structure thus also built an administration unit from which taxes and services could be drawn by the government.

  Sharp bronze tools for farm production were widely used in cultivation and tillage on a large scale at that time. The main method of farming was called “ ou geng”，or “two men working together”.

  Peasants prepared their fields with a plough driven by two men, creating compartments one chi wide, six chi counted a pace.

  The standard measure of fields was one mu , namely one pace wide and hundred paces long, every man could obtain a field measuring one hundred mu .

  The farm management made new progress： green fertilizer was employed, fire used to control pests and the technique of simple drainage and irrigation improved.

  There was a greater variety of farm produce, covering nearly all crops, beans and hemps.

  Along with Si Jia, an imperial court official guiding the agriculture development, there were also specialized officials, chang ren, in charge of gardens, managing the production of vegetable, melon and fruit.

  Handicrafts continued to develop.

  Royal families and vassals controlled important handicraft industries, in which various handicraftsmen were engaged under the control of Si Kong. Bronze casting continued to be most important, particularly in the building of chariots.

  Craftsmen had a quite low social status and had to dwell in quarters within the capital and their status was inherited.

  Trade was an indispen-sable section in the social economy.

  Aerchants，activities were restricted to markets (shi) in the capital and were tightly controlled by the government.

  An official Zhi Ren was appointed to care for commercial activities.

  At this time, slaves, cattle and horses, arms and jewellery were exchanged through barter.

  Among the common people barter mostly involved daily necessities.

  The currency of the Western Zhou period was a coin shaped like a cowry shell with the currency unit peng .

  Another currency was copper with the currency unit lue They all originated in the Shang Dynasty.

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  17班刘佳涵 • 2020-10-19

  00:23——2:08

  那么上一讲我们讲到，周国一举攻克了大国殷商。但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜，一方面他们仍然遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化，另一方面他开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和他的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道：“当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统.”因为周之前的影响不如商。商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天，于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神，狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。

  So as we saw in the last lecture, Zhou conquered Shang.On the one hand, they still followed the orthodoxy of the Shang Dynasty, saying that they had inherited Shang rather than destroyed it. They had inherited its religious codes and culture. On the other hand, they began to find ways to calm people's hearts. Then here comes the question. Zhou and his Allies had already surpassed Shang in territory, so why they considered Shang as orthodox?As Mr. Xu zhuoyun says in the book, "At that time, a Chinese civilization circle had developed, where the wars between these countries were not ethnic wars, but rather competition for legitimacy," because the influence of Zhou before was not as powerful as Shang. The Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population of millions, while the archaeological survey suggests that Zhou had only a population of about 70,000, so he wanted to consider the Shang Dynasty as orthodox.More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see the great merchants losing to them. They thought that they themselves might perish, so they had to study and find out the lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his mandate of heaven will perish. Mr. Xu Zhuyun said that the citizens of Zhou worshipped "heaven", while Shang worshipped various clan gods, which might be related to geographical conditions. Since the citizens of Zhou lived on the loess Plateau in the west, they worshipped heaven when they raised their heads. Therefore, They attributed the mandate of Heaven to the loser and thus inherited the mandate of Heaven from the loser. They also believed that the will of Heaven actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives, which was different from the divine right of Kings in the West. Instead of relying on gods to take advantage of the power of the tiger, they emphasized that heaven should take care of the people, and your government should take care of the people on behalf of heaven.

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  10班安倩 • 2020-10-19

  2:19—4:54

  所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思，反求诸己的一种伦理态度。……但是又和各地融合产生了封建。（有违禁词发不了，截图也上传不了）Therefore, the Western Zhou dynasty created an ethical attitude of Chinese people who are diligent in reflection and anti-self. It’s not like in some countries now that everything happens to everyone else, right? More than 70 years ago, the Chinese Communist Party’s army went out from the west of Yan’an and defeated the Kuomintang and liberated the whole of China.  Chairman Mao said that we are not only good at breaking the old world, but also building a new world. Then we must lay the world, govern and build civilization. How did the Western Zhou Dynasty do it? One is the ethical attitude that changed the world. The other is to change the political structure. The archaeological discovery of the Shang Dynasty has a lot of clan emblems, indicating that the Shang Dynasty has many surname families, and each surname has its own clan emblem, which looks like the symbols of those feudal lords in Britain. The surname is a kind of rule of the Shang Dynasty Way, emphasizes the ruling structure of blood lineage, rather than the ruling structure of region. Zhou people can no longer be based on reality, otherwise you will be a subsidiary surname of the Shang Dynasty, and your number is small. How can you rule others? So the state must organize the rule according to the region, and the feudal system will gradually be introduced. In terms of political organization, Zhou moved the powerful and powerful British merchants to the vicinity of the capital, watched them, and then entrusted the descendants of Shang, and Wu Geng went to rule the East. Three supervising troops were also sent to monitor the East. As a result, all three troops rebelled. After Zhougong led the troops to put down these rebellions, they began to vigorously strengthen the cohesion of the country and engage in feudalism. So at the beginning of feudalism was to establish a stronghold and monitor the local area. As far as Yan State, that is, Beijing and Dadongbei, Xu Shuying looked at the map and found that these feudal strongholds were all built on important transportation routes, all strategically important, but gradually the people in these strongholds and the local humanities began to merge. It’s very interesting to see this picture on page 157. It reminds me of the art book written by the physicist Ouyang Yingzhi I talked about earlier. It is stated in "The Empire of Dragon and Eagle" that the ruling structure established in the Western Zhou Dynasty in ancient China is a kind of Similar to the "fractal" structure, each part is cloning the whole. Here I want to talk about the feudal system in particular. I have taken inspiration from Xu Zhuoyun's book and the epilogue written by historian Li Feng for this. There is something called feudalism in both China and the West, but their historical production process and essence are different. The risk of the West is that after the unification and collapse of the Roman Empire, another self-sufficient feudal homeland will be formed and China is precisely. It was not because of the collapse, but because he wanted to build a unified and stable order. His own clan went to monitor various places, but it merged with each place to produce feudalism.

   

   

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  12班李祎琳 • 2020-10-19

  周国一举攻克了大国殷商。但是攻克下来之后，他们却并没有沾沾自喜。一方面他们仍然遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化；另一方面他开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了：周和它的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许卓昀在这本书里说道：当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。因为周之前的影响不如商；商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给了自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡。于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己，他们总结的结果是：谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许说：周人崇拜天，而商崇拜各种宗族神。这可能和地理条件有关系，因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天、完整的天，所以他们崇拜天，于是周把天命正统归于失败者。这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。这与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威。而是强调天人感应。天要照顾苍生，你政府要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联合各个小国，一起攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国。于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格，所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思、反求诸己的伦理态度。

  译：Zhou conquered the Shang at one swoop. But after conquering, Zhou didn’t gloat. On the one hand they still followed the Orthodoxy of the Shang Dynasty, saying that they had inherited the Shang, rather than annihilating it. What’s more, it had inherited its religious codes and culture; on the other hand it began to cast about for a way to reassure people. So here comes the question: Zhou and its allies had already overtaken Shang, so why did Zhou regard Shang as the orthodox? From the book of Xu, it has already formed a Chinese civilization circle at that time, and the war between these countries was not a race war, but a struggle for orthodoxy. It had to consider the Shang Dynasty Orthodox, because the influence of the pre-Zhou period was not as great as that of the Shang Dynasty, which was a cultural center with a population of one million, and the archeological figure was only about 70,000. More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, because they were shocked by the truth that the great power Shang would lose to their own, and they might to be demised, too. So study it and find out the lesson to warn them, they came to the conclusion: Who lost mandate of heaven. Who will perish? Xu said: Zhou people worship the day, and the Shang people worship all kinds of clan God. It may related to their geography, because the people of the Zhou Dynasty lived in the Loses Plateau in the west, and as soon as their heads were raised, they worshipped the heavens, so Zhou attributed mandate of heaven to the losers. So it inherits its destiny from the loser. It also believed that mandate actually came from public opinion, so began to attach importance to people’s lives.This is different from the divine right of kings in the West. Zhou laid stress on the interactions between heaven and mankind instead of the kind of false power through God. God takes care of people. Your government takes care of people on behalf of God. At the same time, Zhou had to placate the small nations by uniting them to attack Shang Dynasty., so it formed a particular style of harmony. Then the Western Zhou initiated the Chinese people to reflect on their own ethical attitude.

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  13班陈璐 • 2020-10-19

  00：20-2：20

  大家好，今天我们继续来讲许倬云老师的《西周史》，那么上一讲我们讲到，周国一举攻克了大国殷商。但是攻克下来以后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜。一方面，他们仍遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，他继承了商的宗教法典和文化，另一方面，他们开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和它的盟国底盘已经超越了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争，不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。因为周之前的影响不如商，商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为，周只有七万左右的人口，所以它要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是，周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到，自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找到经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商朝崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。而因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为，天意其实来自于民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联系各个小国同时攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。

  Hello,everyone.Today, we are going to continue talking about the history of Zhou written by Xu. Last time ,we talked about Zhou that defeated Yin with one action. However, after defeating yin, people in Zhou didn’t be pleased with themselves.on the one hand, they still considered Shang as orthodoxy. On the other hand, they began to manage to reassure the public. There comes the question, the power of Zhou and its friend already exceeded Shang, then why they considered Shang as the orthodoxy?Xu said, there has been a circle of Chinese civilization at that time , and the wars between these countries were not race war, but the war to get the status of orthodoxy. The reason that Zhou considered Shang as orthodoxy is that Shang was the center of culture and had larger influence and more population than Zhou. More importantly, Zhou dynasty began to reflect because they couldn’t believe that they defeated Shang. And they were afraid dying out someday and warned themselves by finding experiences . And they came to the conclusion that the country which lose the Heaven’s mandate will die out finally.  Xu said, the reason that people in Zhou respected the heaven, while Shang respected all kinds of religious gods is difference of geography. Zhou lived in loess plateau in the west, when they raised their heads, all they saw is the whole sky, so they respected heaven. Then Zhou attributed their failure to loser, then they inherited the heaven’s mandate from loser. They also thought the heaven’s mandate actually come from popular will and then paid attention to people’s lives. This was different from divine rights of kings in western countries.It's not the Western kind that takes advantage of the gods, but emphasizes the sense of heaven and man, heaven should take care of human and the government should be on behalf of heaven to take care of human. At the same time, Zhou smoothed these small countries to ally with them to attack Shang. And then a style of harmony formed.

   

   

   

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  5班陈德滔 • 2020-10-19

  原文00:40-2:40

  那么问题来了，周和它的盟国底盘已经超越了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争，不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。因为周之前的影响不如商，商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为，周只有七万左右的人口，所以它要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是，周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到，自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找到经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商朝崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。而因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为，天意其实来自于民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联系各个小国同时攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人一种勤于反思，反求诸己的伦理态度，不像现在有些国家，一出了事情，一概怪别人。那七十多年前，中国共产党的军队，从西边的延安东出，击败了国民党，解放了全中国。主席说，我们不但善于打破旧世界，还要建立新世界。

  Then the question arises: Why should Zhou and his Allies consider The Shang to be orthodox when their territory had surpassed that of the Shang? 'The Circle of Chinese civilization had already formed, and the wars between these countries were not ethnic wars, but competing for legitimacy,' xu says in the book. Because the effect before the week is not as good as the quotient; The Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population of one million, while the archaeological survey suggests that the Zhou had only a population of about 70,000, so he wanted to consider the Shang Dynasty as orthodox. More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see the great merchants losing to them, and they thought that they too might perish. So study it, find out the lessons to warn yourself, and they conclude that whoever loses his destiny will perish. Xu said: Zhou people worship heaven, while Shang worship various clan gods. This may have something to do with geographical conditions, because the People of Zhou lived on the Loess Plateau in the west, and they worshipped heaven every time they raised their head. Therefore, Zhou attributed the orthodox mandate of Heaven to the loser. You inherit your destiny from a loser. They thought that providence actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives. This is different from the divine right of Kings in the West, instead of taking the tiger's power by virtue of gods. It's about nature and man. Heaven should take care of the elderly, and the government should take care of the elderly on behalf of Heaven. At the same time, Zhou tried to pacify the small states by uniting them to attack shang. As a result, a harmonious style was formed, so the Western Zhou dynasty created the Ethical attitude of the Chinese people, who were diligent in reflection and self-seeking. Unlike in some countries, when something goes wrong, everyone else is blamed. More than 70 years ago, the Chinese Communist army marched from Yan 'an in the west to the east, defeated the Kuomintang and liberated all China. Chairman MAO said, "We are not only good at breaking the old world, but also at building a new one.

   

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  4班李霞 • 2020-10-19

  00:00-2:00

  大家好，今天我们继续来讲许倬云老师的《西周史》。上一讲我们讲到周国一举攻克了大国殷商，但是攻克下来以后，周人并没有沾沾自喜。一方面他们依然尊崇商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商。他继承了商的宗教法典和文化。另一方面他开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和它的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢。许倬云在这本书里说道，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈。这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争而是争夺正统。因为周之前的影响不如商，商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统。最重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是谁丧了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说周人崇拜“天”，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天。所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者。这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。

  ​Hello everyone, today we will continue to talk about the "History of the Western Zhou Dynasty" by Xu Zhuoyun. In the last lecture, we talked about Zhou's conquering the great power of Yin and Shang in one fell swoop, but after the conquer, Zhou people were not complacent. On the one hand, they still respect the Shang Dynasty as orthodoxy, saying that they have inherited Shang instead of eliminating Shang. He inherited the religious codes and culture of Shang. On the other hand, he began to find a way to calm people's hearts. So the question is, Zhou and its allies have already surpassed Shangguo, so why do you think Shang is orthodox? Xu Zhuoyun said in this book that a circle of Chinese civilization had already formed at that time. The war between these countries is not a race war but a struggle for orthodoxy. Because the influence before Zhou was not as good as that of Shang, Shang was a cultural center with a population of one million. Archeology believed that Zhou had a population of only about 70,000, so he had to think that Shang was orthodox. The most important thing is that the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, because they saw that the big country merchants would lose to themselves, they were shocked, so they thought that they might also perish, so they had to study and find out the lessons to warn. Yourself. They concluded that whoever loses his fate will perish. Xu Zhuoyun said that Zhou people worshiped "heaven" while Shang worshiped various clan gods, which may have something to do with geographical conditions. Because Zhou people live on the Loess Plateau in the west, the sky is full when they look up. So they worship the sky. So Zhou attributed the destiny orthodoxy to the loser. In this way, he inherited the destiny from the loser. They also believed that the will of heaven actually came from the will of the people, so they began to value the lives of the people.

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  201802况禹赤 • 2020-10-19

  00:25～02:25到周国一举攻克了大国殷商。但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜。一方面，他们仍然遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商，它继承了商的宗教法典和文化。另一方面，他开始想办法安定人心。那么问题来了，周和它的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？那许倬云在这本书里说道：当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统，因为周之前的影响不如商。商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是，周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是：谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说：“周人崇拜‘天’，而商崇拜各种宗族神。”这可能和地理条件有关系。因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别。不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联合各个小国一起攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思，反求诸己的一种伦理态度。

  译文：To Zhou, he conquered the great power of Yin and Shang. But after the conquer, Zhou Ren was not complacent. On the one hand, they still abide by the Shang Dynasty as orthodox, saying that they inherited the Shang instead of destroying the Shang. It inherited the religious code and culture of the Shang. On the other hand, he began to think of ways to calm people's hearts. So the question is, Zhou and its allies have already surpassed Shang, so why do you think Shang is orthodox? As Xu Zhuoyun said in this book: At that time, a Chinese civilization circle had formed. The war between these countries was not a race war, but a struggle for orthodoxy, because the influence before Zhou was not as good as that of Shang. Shang is a cultural center with a population of one million, while archeology believes that Zhou has a population of only about 70,000, so he must consider the Shang Dynasty to be orthodox. More importantly, the Zhou dynasty began to reflect, because they saw that the big country merchants would lose to themselves. They were stunned. They thought that they might also perish, so they had to study and find out the lessons. Warn yourself. The result they concluded is: Whoever loses his destiny will perish. Xu Zhuoyun said: "Zhou people worshiped 'heaven', while Shang worshiped various clan gods." This may have something to do with geographical conditions. Because Zhou people live on the Loess Plateau in the west, the sky is always up when they look up, so they worship the sky. So Zhou put the fate of orthodoxy to the loser, so that he inherited the fate from the loser. They also believed that the will of heaven actually came from the will of the people, so they began to value the lives of the people. This is different from the Western monarchy. It is not the Western style that uses gods and foxes to fake tigers, but emphasizes the interaction between heaven and man. Heaven must take care of the common people, and your government must take care of the common people on behalf of the sky. At the same time, Zhou wanted to appease these small countries because he united the small countries to attack the Shang country, so he formed a harmonious style. Therefore, the Western Zhou dynasty created an ethical attitude of Chinese people who are diligent in reflection and anti-self.

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  06张露萍 • 2020-10-19

  原文00:40-2:40

  译文：Then the question is, zhou and his Allies have already surpassed shang, so why do you still think Shang is legitimate? Mr. Xu zhuoyun says in the book that a Circle of Chinese civilization had formed at that time. The wars among these countries were not ethnic wars, but rather competition for orthodoxy, because the influence before zhou was inferior to that of Shang. The Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population of one million, while archaeology suggests that the Zhou only had a population of about 70,000, so they thought the Shang Dynasty was orthodox. More importantly, the Shang Dynasty began to reflect, for they saw that the great merchant was losing to them -- they surprised themselves, and thought that they too might perish, and wanted to study and find out the lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his mandate of heaven will perish. Mr. Xu Zhuyun said that Zhouren worshipped "heaven", while Shang worshipped various clan gods, which might be related to geographical conditions. Since the Zhou people lived on the loess Plateau in the west, they worshipped the sky when they raised their head. So Zhou orthodox destiny to the loser, so he is inherited from the loser. They also believed that the will of Heaven actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives, which was different from the Divine right of Kings in the West. Instead of assuming the power of the tiger by means of gods and foxes, the Western people emphasized that heaven should take care of the living and the government should take care of the living and the living on behalf of heaven. At the same time, Zhou allied with the small states to attack the Shang, so he wanted to pacify them. As a result, zhou developed a style of paying attention to harmony. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of the Chinese people, which was diligent in reflection and self-seeking. Unlike in some countries, when something goes wrong, everyone else is blamed. More than 70 years ago, the Chinese Communist army, from Yan 'an in the west to the east, defeated the Kuomintang and liberated all Of China. MAO said: we are not only good at breaking the old world, but also building a new one. If we lay down the world, we must govern it and build up civilization. What did West Zhou do? One is, as I just said, changing the ethical attitudes of the world, and the other is changing the political structure.

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  十二班杨瑛 • 2020-10-19

  周国一举攻克了大国殷商，但是攻克下来之后，周人却并没有沾沾自喜，一方面他们仍然遵从商朝为正统，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商。它继承了商的宗教法典和文化。另一方面它开始想办法安定人心。这里出现了一个问题，周和他的盟国底盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？许倬云在《西周史》这本书里说到，当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈这些国家之间的战争，不是种族战争，而是争夺正统，因为周之前的影响不如商。商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为，周只有七万左右的人口,所以就认为商朝是正统。更重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了。他们想到自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系，因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天，于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为天意来自于民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。他们强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生。同时,周因为联合各个小国一起攻打商国，所以要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周开创了中国人勤于反思、反求诸己的一种伦理态度。

  The Zhou conquered the great state of Yin and Shang at one stroke. However, the People of Zhou were not complacent about their conquest. On the one hand, they still followed the orthodoxy of the Shang Dynasty, saying that they had inherited Shang rather than destroyed it. It inherited the religious codes and culture of the Shang Dynasty。On the other hand, it began to find ways to calm its people’s mind. There is a problem. Zhou and his Allies are already superior to Shang, so why do you still think Shang is orthodox? Mr. Xu Zhuoyun said in his book The History of Western Zhou, at that time, a Chinese civilization circle had been formed. The wars among these countries were not ethnic wars, but for orthodoxy, because the influence before Zhou was inferior to that of Shang. The Shang dynasty was a cultural center with a population of one million, while archaeology suggests that the Zhou had a population of only about 70,000. Therefore, the Shang dynasty is regarded as orthodox. More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see the great merchants losing to them. They thought that their own country might also perish, so they studied for lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his mandate of heaven will perish. Mr. Xu Zhuoyun said, Zhou people worshipped "sky", while Shang worshipped various clan gods, which might be related to geographical conditions. The People of Zhou lived on the loess plateau in the west. Every time they looked up, there was sky, complete days, so they worshipped the sky. Thus Zhou legitimized the mandate of Heaven to the loser, thus inheriting it from the loser. They also believed that the will of Heaven came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to the lives of the people. They emphasizing that heaven and man should be sympathetic, and heaven should take care of the people. At the same time, Zhou allied with the small states to attack the Shang, so he wanted to pacify them. As a result, zhou developed a style of paying attention to harmony. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude of the Chinese people, which was diligent in reflection and self-seeking.

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  瘦嘟嘟 • 2020-10-19

  2.34-4.34
  我们不但要善于打破旧世界，还要建立新世界。那么打下了天下还要治理，还要建立文明。西周是怎么做到？一个是刚刚说的改变了这个世界的伦理态度；另一个是改变政治结构。考古发现商王朝有很多的族徽，说明商王朝有很多是姓氏家族，每个姓氏都有自己的族徽，看上去就像英国的那些封建诸侯的标志一样。姓氏是商王朝的一种统治方式，强调血缘，宗族的统治结构而不是地域的统治结构。周人不能再以姓氏为基础，否则你就是商朝的附属姓氏。你的人数又不多，怎么统治别人。于是周要按照地域来组建统治，封建制度就渐渐出台了。在政治体制上，周把殷商的豪强俊杰迁到了首都附近，盯梢起来，然后分封了商的后代武庚去统治东方，还派了三支监军去监视东方，结果这三支军队全部叛变了，周公领兵去平定了这些叛乱，之后他们就开始大力增强这个国家的凝聚性，大搞封建。那么封建呢，一开始只是去建立据点，监视当地，最远到了燕国，也就是北京和大东北，许倬云看地图，发现这些封建据点，全是建在一些交通要道上，全是战略要地，但是渐渐地这些据点的人和当地的人文开始融合。大家看157页的这张图很有意思，让我想起了我之前讲的物理学家欧阳莹之写的历史书籍《龙与鹰的帝国》里说的，中国古代西周建立的统治结构是一种类似于“分形”的结构，就是每一个局部都在克隆总体。这里我要特别讲一下封建制度，我从许倬云老师的书以及历史学家李峰为这本书写的跋里得到了启发：中西方都有叫做“封建”的这样一个东西，但它们的历史的产生过程和实质都不一样。
  Chairman MAO said, " we should not only be good at breaking the old world, but also build a new one."  Then how did the western Zhou dynasty achieve the goal of governance and civilization? One way is to change the ethical attitudes of the society; another is to change the political structure. The archaeological findings show that there were a lot of clan badges in the Shang Dynasty, indicating that many of them were family names, and each family name had its own clan badges. It looks like the marks of feudal princes in Britain. The surname was a ruling mode of the Shang Dynasty, emphasizing the ruling structure of blood and clan rather than the regional ruling structure. Zhou people can no longer be based on surnames, otherwise you are an affiliated surname of the Shang Dynasty. With less people, how can Zhou dynasty rule the country? Therefore, Zhou set up a rule according to the region, and the feudal system gradually came into being. In terms of the political system, Zhou moved the powerful and talented people of The Yin Merchants to the vicinity of the capital and kept an eye on them. Then he enfeoffed the son of the Shang, Wugeng, to rule the East and sent three surveillance armies to watch over the East, all of which rebelled. After the Duke of Zhou led his troops to put down these rebellions, they began to strengthen the cohesion of the country and to engage in feudalism. Mr. Xu Zhuoyun looked at the map and found that these feudal strongholds were all built on some traffic arteries and strategic locations. But gradually, the people in these strongholds began to integrate with the local people. This is a very interesting picture on page 157, and it reminds me of what I was talking about earlier in the history book by the physicist Ouyang Ying, the Empire of the Dragon and the Eagle, which said that the ruling structure established by the ancient Western Zhou dynasty in China was a kind of fractal structure, in which each part was a clone of the whole. Here I would like to talk about feudalism in particular. I have been inspired by Mr. Zhuoyun Xu's book and the annotations written by historian Li Feng for this book: Both China and the West have such a thing as feudalism, but their historical process and substance are different.

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  9班刘精莲 • 2020-10-19

  文章00；10 到00:30

  因为周之前的影响不如商，商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为，周只有七万左右的人口，所以它要认为商朝是正统。更重要的是，周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然会输给自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到，自己也可能灭亡，于是就要研究一下，找到经验教训来警告自己。他们总结的结果是，谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商朝崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系。而因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天，完整的天，所以他们崇拜天。于是周把天命正统归于失败者，这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。他们又认为，天意其实来自于民意，于是开始重视人民的生命，这个与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威，而是强调天人感应，天要照顾苍生，你政府就要代表天来照顾苍生。同时周因为联系各个小国同时攻打商国，所以他要安抚这些小国，于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。

  Because the influence of the Pre-Zhou was not as great as that of the Shang dynasty, which was the cultural center and had a population of one million. According to archeology, the Population of the Zhou was only about 70,000, so the Shang Dynasty was regarded as orthodox. More importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect, for they were shocked to see that the great merchants of the State could lose to them. They thought that they too might perish, so they had to study and find out the lessons to warn themselves. They concluded that whoever loses his mandate of heaven will perish. Mr. Xu Zhuyun said that Zhouren worshipped "Heaven", while The Shang dynasty worshipped various clan gods, which might be related to geographical conditions. And because the Zhou people lived on the loess Plateau in the west, they worshipped the sky. Thus Zhou legitimized the mandate of Heaven to the loser, thus inheriting it from the loser. They also believed that the will of Heaven actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to people's lives, which was different from the divine right of Kings in the West. Instead of assuming the power of the tiger by means of gods and foxes, they emphasized that heaven should take care of the people, and your government should take care of the people on behalf of heaven. At the same time, zhou wanted to pacify the small states because he connected with them and attacked the shang states at the same time, so he developed a style of harmony.

  上天要照顾苍生，政府就要代表天来照顾苍生，同时周朝为了联合各个小国家一起攻打商国，所以他就要安抚这些小国家于是形成了一种讲究和谐的风格。所以西周就开创了中国人勤于反思的一种伦理态度。不像现在有些国家，一旦出了事情 就怪别人。七十多年前中国共产党的军队从西边的延安东出，击败了，解放了全中国。毛说，我们不但善于打破旧世界，还要建立新世界，那么打下了天下还要治理还要建立文明。西周，改变了这个世界的伦理态度另一个是改变了结构

   The heaven took care of the people, and the government took care of the people on behalf of heaven. At the same time, in order to unite the small states to attack the Shang State, the Zhou Dynasty had to appease these small states, so a harmonious style was formed. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created a kind of ethical attitude that Chinese people were diligent in reflection. Unlike some countries now, when something goes wrong, it's someone else's fault. More than 70 years ago, the Chinese Communist army marched from Yan 'an in the west to the east, defeated the Kuomintang and liberated all China. Chairman MAO said, "We are not only good at breaking the old world, but also at building a new one. The Western Zhou Dynasty changed the ethical attitude of the world and the political structure

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  14班侯琪帅 • 2020-10-19

  1:30-3:30 原文：

  许倬云说，周人崇拜“天”，而商朝崇拜各种宗族神，这可能和地理条件有关系，……周公领兵去平定了这些叛乱，之后他们就开始大力增强这个国家的凝聚性，大搞封建。（有违禁词，因而省略中间部分）

  译文：

  Xu zhuoyun said that the Zhou worshiped "heaven", while the Shang worshipped various clan gods. Maybe it was related to the geographical conditions. They worshipped the sky because the Zhou people lived on the Loess Plateau in the west where they could see the sky very clearly and wholly. Thus the Zhou attributed the mandate of Heaven to the loser, and they could inherit it from the loser. They also believed that the will of Heaven actually came from the public opinion, so they began to pay attention to people's lives, which was different from the divine right of Kings in the West. They could not pretend the power to threat people like the West, but they could emphasize the heaven-human induction. It means that the heaven cares about people, so the government should take care of people on behalf of the heaven. At the same time, the Zhou needed to reassure small states because Zhou connected with them to attack the Shang states, so the Zhou developed the style of harmony. Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty created an ethical attitude of reflection and self-seeking, unlike some countries often pass the buck. More than 70 years ago, the Chinese Communist army defeated the KMT and liberated China from Yan 'an in the west to the east. Chairman Mao said that we are not only good at breaking the old world, but also at building a new one. A country needs to be governed after being attacked. So how did the Western Zhou Dynasty? As I just said,One was to change the ethical attitude of the world. The other was to change the political structure. The archaeology found that the Shang Dynasty had many family crests, and each family name had its own clan crest, which looked like the signs of feudal princes in Britain. The family name was a way to rule in the Shang Dynasty. It emphasized the ruling structure of blood and clan, rather than the region. The Zhou people cannot be based on the family names, otherwise they would be the subsidiary names of the Shang Dynasty. However, their numbers are not large, so they could not rule others. The Zhou set up the rule according to the region, so the feudal system gradually came into being. In terms of political organization, the Zhou moved the powerful and outstanding people of Yin Shang to the vicinity of the capital in order to monitor them. As well as, the Zhou enfeoffed Wu Geng, the descendant of Shang, to rule the East. In addition, the Zhou also sent three inspectors armies to monitor the East. As a result, all three armies rebelled. So the Duke of Zhou led troops to oppress these rebellions, and then the Zhou began to strengthen the cohesion of the country and to devote to the feudalism.

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  16班谭琦 • 2020-10-19

  00:28-02:50译文：On the one hand, they still obeyed the orthodoxy of the Shang Dynasty, saying that they had inherited the Shang Dynasty rather than wiped out the Shang Dynasty, and that he had inherited the Shang religious code and culture. On the other hand, he began to find a way to calm the hearts of the people, then the problem arises, Zhou and its allied territory has surpassed the Shang State, so why: do you have to think that Shang is orthodoxy? Well, Xu Zhuoyun said in this book that at that time, a circle of Chinese civilization had been formed. The war between these countries was not a racial war, but a struggle for orthodoxy. Because the influence before the Zhou Dynasty was not as good as that of the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty was the cultural center, with a population of one million, while archaeology thought that the Zhou Dynasty had only about 70,000 people, so he should think that the Shang Dynasty was orthodox, and more importantly, the Zhou Dynasty began to reflect. Because they saw that the big businessmen would lose to themselves, they were stunned, so they thought that they might perish, so they had to study and find out the lessons to warn themselves. The result of their conclusion is that whoever loses his destiny will perish. Well, Xu Zhuoyun said that the Zhou people worshipped heaven and Shang worshiped all kinds of clan gods. This may have something to do with geographical conditions, because Zhou people live on this loess plateau in the west, looking up all over the sky, the whole day. So they worshiped heaven, so Zhou attributed the orthodoxy of destiny to the loser, so they inherited the destiny from the losers, and they thought that the will of God actually came from public opinion, so they began to attach importance to the lives of the people. This is different from the divine power of the West. It is not the kind of God in the West, but emphasizes that heaven and man feel that heaven and man should take care of life, and your government should take care of life on behalf of heaven. At the same time, Zhou joined the small countries to attack the merchant countries, so he wanted to appease these small countries, so he formed a style of paying attention to harmony, so the Western Zhou Dynasty created an ethical attitude of the Chinese people to be diligent and reflect and ask for themselves. Unlike some countries now, something happens-blame others. More than 70 years ago, the army of the Communist Party of China came out of Yan'an East in the west, defeating the Kuomintang and liberating the whole of China. Chairman Mao said: we are not only good at breaking the old world, but also building a new world. Well, when the world is laid down, it will have to be governed and civilization should be established. How did the Western Zhou Dynasty do it? One is that what has just been said has changed the ethical attitude of the world, the other is to change the political structure.

   

   

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  13穆红 • 2020-10-19

  上一讲我们讲到：周国一举攻克了大国殷商。
  Last time we have mentioned that Zhou conquered the big country, Shang.
  但是攻克下来之后，周人并没有沾沾自喜。
  However, Zhou didn’t be proud of it. 
  一方面仍然遵从商，说自己是继承了商，而不是消灭了商；继承了商的宗教法典和文化；
  On the one hand, Zhou still obeyed Shang. And Zhou claimed that they didn’t eradicated Shang but inherited him. They inherited the religious codes and culture of Shang. 
  另一方面他开始想办法安定人心。
  On the other hand, Zhou tried to comfort the people.
  那么问题来了：周和他的盟国地盘已经超过了商国，那为什么还要认为商才是正统呢？
  But then comes a question: since the territory under Zhou and his allies’ control surpassed Shang’s, why they still claimed that Shang was orthodox?
  许倬云在这本书里说道：当时已经形成了一个中华文明圈，这些国家之间的战争不是种族战争，而是争夺正统。
  At that time, a circle of Chinese Civilization had been formed, Xu said in his book, and wars between countries were not for tribe survival but for being orthodox. 
  因为周之前的影响不如商；商是文化中心，人口达百万，而考古认为周只有七万左右的人口，所以他要认为商朝是正统。
  At first, Zhou’s influence wasn’t so great as Shang’s —at that time, Shang was s cultural center with a population of one million, while studies show that Zhou only possessed a population of seventy thousand. — therefore, Zhou had to acknowledged that Shang was orthodox. 
  更重要的是周王朝开始了反思，因为他们看到大国商居然输给了自己，他们把自己给惊呆了，于是就想到自己也可能灭亡。
  Most importantly, the results that Shang, the great country, would to Zhou, a small country shocked Zhou. And they began to reflect and thought that they would also be destroyed. 
  于是就要研究一下，找出经验教训来警告自己，他们总结的结果是：谁丧失了天命，谁就会灭亡。
  And therefore, Zhou tried to find out the reasons to warn themselves. And they thought the main reason was that he who lost the Mandate of Heaven, would come to the end. 
  许说：周人崇拜天，而商崇拜各种宗族神。这可能和地理条件有关系，因为周人住在西边的黄土高原上，一抬头都是天、完整的天，所以他们崇拜天，于是周把天命正统归于失败者, 这样自己就是从失败者手中继承了天命。
  Xu said that, people in Shang respected many religious god while people in Zhou respected the Heaven. And he thought it was up to the geographical condition of Zhou — Zhou was settled in the west of loess plateau where they could see the whole sky with a simple look. And therefore, they respected the Heaven. So, they claimed that Shang  possessed the Mandate of Heaven and they inherited it from the loser, Shang. 
  他们又认为天意其实来自民意，于是开始重视人民的生命。
  On the other hand, they believed that the Mandate of Heaven actually came from the people, so they began to value people’s lives. 
  这与西方的君权神授就有了区别，不是西方那种借着神狐假虎威, 而是强调天人感应。
  And this was different from the divine right in western culture which was in the name of god. It emphasized the importance of sensation between Heaven and human. 
  天要照顾苍生，政府要代表天来照顾苍生。
  The Heaven had to look  after the people. And government was on behalf of the Heaven. 
  
   

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  5班司富豪 • 2020-10-19

  00：17-02：44

  The myth of Shanhaijing reflects some historical facts of Zhou * in primitive society. Houji, Taixi and Shujun were the leaders of the Zhou * in the early stage of the transition from matriarchal clan system to paternal clan system. They actively led the clan in the development of agricultural production and made great contributions to the development of Zhou *. Houji is the ancestor of the Zhou clan who revered as Ji God. It is believed that the reason why the ancestors of all ethnic groups were able to establish a state and establish a career was because they had made contributions to the people. Therefore, the sacrificial ceremony held by the nobles at that time had the nature of repaying. From the perspective of Sheng min, the process of Jiang Yuan's birth to Houji was fully protected by the gods and gods. As for the placement in Yixiang, Pinglin and Hanbing, it was just used to show his miraculous spirit, and it was not "abandoned as ominous". The theory of "abandoning it" stems from the misunderstanding of later generations. This kind of misunderstanding should have come into being during the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, so the name of Zhou Qi has been found in Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. The reason why the Zhou people respected Houji as their ancestor was not only that he became the pioneer of farming technology because of his "diligence in hundreds of grains", but also regarded him as the founder of holding God's sacrifice. Houji became the official name in charge of agriculture in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In ancient history and legend, Houji was regarded as the agricultural official of Yu, Xia or Shang, which should be followed by Houji in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The people of Zhou Dynasty regarded the ancestors of all * as ministers of Shun, holding important positions and gathering together, which was in line with the political requirements of the Zhou people at that time, and also in line with the needs of the Zhou Dynasty to unite many different surname aristocrats with Ji surname as the main aristocracy.

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